Experiments
This scientist first isolated “nuclein” from pus cells in 1869.
Who is Friedrich Miescher?
DNA strands run in opposite directions, a feature known as this.
What is antiparallel orientation?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins forms this basic unit of chromatin.
What is a nucleosome?
The sequence of amino acids in a protein defines this level of structure.
What is primary structure?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this energy barrier.
What is activation energy?
This experiment demonstrated bacterial transformation using S and R strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What is Griffith’s transformation experiment?
The bond linking nucleotides together in DNA.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
Common amino acids found in histones.
What are lysine and arginine?
These interactions drive protein folding by burying nonpolar residues inside the protein.
What are hydrophobic interactions?
The enzyme model where substrate binding induces a shape change.
What is the induced-fit model?
This scientist established the base-pair equivalence rules A=T and C=G.
Who is Erwin Chargaff?
The two grooves formed by the DNA double helix that affect protein binding.
What are the major and minor grooves?
Transcriptionally active chromatin with a “beads-on-a-string” structure.
What is euchromatin?
Proteins that assist folding and prevent aggregation in cells.
What are chaperones?
Organic enzyme helpers often derived from vitamins.
What are coenzymes?
DNA was identified as the transforming principle in this 1944 study.
What is the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment?
Enzymes that relieve supercoiling by cutting and rejoining DNA.
What are topoisomerases?
Transcriptionally inactive chormatin.
What is heterochromatin?
A misfolded protein that can induce other proteins to misfold.
What is a prion?
The reversible addition of a phosphate group to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues.
What is phosphorylation?
This experiment used radioactive phosphorus and sulfur to prove DNA is the hereditary material.
What is the Hershey–Chase blender experiment?
DNA rich in GC base pairs has a higher value of this measurement.
What is melting temperature (Tm)?
The repetitive DNA sequences that protect chromosome ends and shorten with age.
What are telomeres?
This covalent bond between cysteine residues stabilizes protein structure.
What is a disulfide bond?
Small G proteins are active when bound to this molecule.
What is GTP?