Metabolism
The term that describes the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient.
What is chemiosmosis?
The site where gene transcription begins.
What is the transcriptional start site?
A protein known as a _____ binds to the ribosome to add a water molecule to the end of the amino acid chain.
What is a release factor?
Decides where the protein begins (endomembrane/non-endomembrane).
What is the leader sequence?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
What is glycolysis?
If no oxygen is present in the cell then pyruvates are turned into what?
What is lactate via anaerobic respiration?
The strand of DNA that is used for RNA synthesis.
What is the template strand?
how many amino acids are added each cycle of elongation?
what is one
Cotranslational location occurs in the....
What is the endomembrane?
Amphibolic
TCA cycle
ATP-> ADP+ P + energy what type of pathway is this?
What is catabolic?
The direction in which RNA polymerase always connects nucleotides.
What is 5' to 3'?
Explain how elongation begins
What is "A new tRNA+amino acid enters the ribosome, at the next codon downstream of the AUG codon."
The signal sequence is composed of a charged NH2-terminal and a hydrophobic segment. In general, where do these different segments ends up?
The charged segment ends up in either the inner leaflet or the export sites of the membrane.
The hydrophobic segment ends up in the lipid bilayer.
Together, these form a functional export site.
Acetyl-CoA
What is the TCA cycle?
Name the products of ONE turn of the citric acid cycle.
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
Where is a promoter located?
upstream of the gene
Does every protein start with (AUG) methionine?
Except for a few exceptions, Methionine is the starting amino acid in the polypeptide chain before post-translational modifications.
When is the translational block of protein localization relieved?
When the complex (ribosome, SRP, and nascent polypeptide chain) interact with the membrane-associated docking protein in the export site.
Can occur in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
What is Glycolysis?
The complexes of the electron transport chain that pump protons.
I, III, and IV
Why do post transcriptional modifications occur? Name 3 reasons
1. helps mRNA bind with the ribosome for translation
2. prevents mRNA from being degraded
3. Assemble the right sequence that needs translation
Termination starts when ___ ___ appear at the _ site and a protein called a __ ___ fills the A site.
What is stop codons, A site, and release factors
How does a second information signal emerge, what does it trigger, and where does this protein end up (explain the different terminals)??
The second information signal is the 'stop transfer' sequence located in the protein, and emerges from the ribosome. The result is dissociate of the ribosome from the membrane along with the SRP (AKA, the complex dissociates leaving the nascent protein in the membrane).
Next, subsequent translation occurs completing the COOH-terminal of the protein on the cytoplasm side of the membrane. This leaves the NH2 terminus facing the ER lumen and the COOH terminal facing the cytoplasm.
NADH DeHydrogenase
What is the ETC?