LECTURE 1-2
List the three steps on how organisms respond to their environment:
Sensory input, integration, motor output
which life cycle has both diploid and haploid multicellular stages?
Alternation of generations
What makes assembling phylogenetic trees much more difficult?
Horizontal Gene Transfer
What type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan wall?
Gram-positive bacteria
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in bacteria?
formyl-methionine
List the "seven rules" that determine a living organism
1. homeostasis 2. organization 3. metabolism 4.growth 5.adaptation 6. response to stimuli 7. reproduction
what two processes are responsible for genetic variation in sexual reproduction?
List the three hypotheses of life's origin
1. Metabolism first 2. RNA first 3. Membranes first
The process of harvesting light to produce energy and oxygen and is called __________.
Photosynthesis
The forelimbs of mammals like humans, bats, and whales look very different and serve different functions (human hands, bat wings, whale flippers), they all share a common skeletal structure inherited from a common vertebrate ancestor. What is the sharing of certain characteristics called?
homologous characteristics
Basic system.
Define what a clade is.
A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all living descendants.
benny the bacteria is swimming along when suddenly he is subjected to a heat shock. Under immense stress, Benny rapidly intakes foreign genetic material from the environment and incorporates it into his genome. What is benny doing?
bacterial transformation
Though they only make up 1% of marine biomass, _________ are the main organisms responsible for fixing nitrogen.
cyanobacteria or blue-green algae
Why doesn't the Bacteria Domain have histones?
Because the domain bacteria lacks a nucleus, genetic material is free floating in the cytosol and relies on super coiling instead of wrapping around histones.
define the four rules of a complex system
1. Numbers matter
2. interactions are global, not local
3. negative feedback loops
4. degree of randomness is necessary
True or False: Evolution can be observed in a single individual
False
DAILY DOUBLE
True or False: Circular chromosomes are present in Domain Eukarya
False
The great Oxygenation Event lead to the extinction of what and how?
The appearance of highly reactive free oxygen, which can oxidize organic compounds (especially genetic materials) and thus is toxic to the then-mostly anaerobic biosphere
Explain what a highly conserved gene is and give an example.
A highly conserved gene is a gene that has remained largely unchanged throughout evolution across different species. These genes tend to perform essential biological functions that are crucial for the survival and development of organisms, which is why they are preserved across diverse evolutionary lineages. Example: 16s rRNA gene
In this stage of the action potential in a neuron, the gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed as well as the un-gated channels. What stage is this called?
Resting state
binary fission is an example of what type of reproduction?
asexual reproduction
Robby the rhizobium is a bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation. Robby turns inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen, which Penny the pea plant uses as nutrients. Penny the pea plant in return gives Robby the rhizobium shelter. What is this relationship called?
mutualism
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
DAILY DOUBLE
What is Renee's Major?
Microbiology