DNA
How is a Mutation caused?
When DNA goes through the replication process and bases are paired in a different order than before.
Do alleles vary within geographic regions or between?
Within
What is fitness?
Ability to reproduce
What is the myelin sheath and it's purpose?
It shields the axon to make signals travel faster.
What does the Wernicke's area do?
Name the four bases of a nucleotide
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Name two species with analogous structures what are they
answers may vary
Define divergent evolution
Two species share a common ancestor but evolve in different directions.
What is reuptake and what happens to it when someone is on SSRIs?
Reuptake: When the neurotransmitter goes back into the neuron that released it.
On SSRIs it's blocked so there's more seratonin available at the receptor.
What is encoding?
Process in which the lobes of the cerebrum receive and register information
How many base pairs are in the Human Genome?
3 billion
Name the three conditions for natural selection and define them.
1.) Genetic variation: there must be a lot of traits in a population.
2.) Heritability: Traits must be determined by DNA
3.) Selective Pressure: Environment must make it so some can survive and others can't ALSO there must be more individuals in an environment than the environment can sustain.
How does Organophosphate effect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
It destroys Cholinesterase ability to break down acetylcholine causing muscle contractions.
Name the three main components of the limbic system and their functions.
Hippocampus: Memory and learning
Hypothalamus: body temperature, reward seeking, maintenance activities, contains the pituitary gland
Amygdala: Tying emotions to memory, specifically anxiety and fear
Define the difference between an allele and a gene
Genes are genetic codes for a specific trait on a chromosome and can have different variations across individuals known as alleles.
What is a Loci?
Location of an allele on a chromosome
In regions with greater numbers of dairy production the lactase persistent gene becomes more abundant in the population as it adapts to consuming lactose.
Put these in the correct order:
Hyperpolarization, resting potential, action potential, threshold of excitation
resting potential, threshold of excitation, action potential, and hyperpolarization
How did Motiason's surgery effect his brain?
Removed the hippocampus resulting in inability to put learned information into long term memory.
How many protein codes are in the human genome?
22,300
DNA testing companies such as 23 and me use what to find out what geographical region people are from?
Statistical probability of alleles in a certain region, some regions have more or less of the same allele.
Explain Skin pigmentation in terms of natural selection
For regions with more exposure to the sun individuals produce more melanin. Melanin absorbs sunlight preventing sun cancer and folic acid degradation.
Folic acid degradation is essential for aiding fetuses, less folic acid, less likely a healthy baby will be born.
What is the synapse
Space between neurons where communication happens
Describe the process of reconsolidating
Retrieval: sensory input triggering memory from long term
Frontal cortex works to logically reason the memory, adding new information understand what happened
Hippocampus packs it all together
Memory gets sent back into the cerebral cortex