Pregnancy & labor & PP hormones
uterine contractions involve these three factors
intensity, synchronization and frequency.
During this time period, the major external and internal structures are established and the main organ systems have begun to develop
embryonic; 4-8weeks
Most common cause of neural tube defects
insufficient folic acid
what are the types and how many vessels are in the umbilical cord
1 vein (O2 rich blood) & 2 arteries (O2 depleted blood)
What structure of the circulatory system exits the heart with oxygenated blood to distribute to the head and the rest of the body
aorta
Estrogen helps get bodies ready for labor by ...
increasing the number of oxytocin receptor sites
Name the 4 categories of teratogens.
physical, chemical, infections and maternal
Most common risk factor for toxoplasmosis.
cat boxes
what the ductus venosus is and does.
bypass the liver, allowing the oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein to flow to the inferior vena cava
what does the Ductus arteriosus do for fetal circulation?
shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (because blood is backed up due to pressure in the lungs)
Prolactin is the hormone that helps with
milk production
what are infectious teratogens, and why are they important to counsel clients about
cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella: can cause birth defects such as microcepahly
***Know which organization monitors teratogen exposure in USA.
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS)
the Superior vena cava bring blood from where ____ and to what portion of the heart ____.
Where: the head and upper brachial arches
To: right atrium of the heart
What is the difference between the renal artery and the hypogastric arteries?
renal- arteries from the aorta to the kidney (blood flow out to the inferior vena cava)
hypogastric- connecting region below the groin to the umbilical arteries (for reoxygenation)
pressure on what pregnant person's body structure in labor stimulates stretch receptors and induces oxytocin production (Ferguson reflex)?
(ovary, fundus of uterus, cervix)
cervix
Malnutrition, cigarette smoking, and hypertension can cuase what for infants
low birth weight
which hand to monitor O2 with NRP (neonatal resucitation)
The right hand/wrist: blood directly from the heart via the aorta, before the ductus arteriosus. = oxygen saturation of blood going to the brain.
what is the foramen ovale and is it impacted after the infant starts breathing
the flap between the right & left atrium that is open during fetal circulation,
-closes with breathing due to pressure changes within the lungs, now allowing blood to flow into the heart from the pulmonary vein
what causes a newborn to breath
Ductus venosus flow ceases when Wharton’s jelly occludes cord = buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood = brain trigger respiratory response & Sensory stimulation; & temp
describe the hormonal shift postbirth
decline in estrogen and progesterone, while prolactin and oxytocin remain elevated (with lactation
Which vitamin, in large doses, can have adverse effects on fetus?
vitamin A, (but all vitamins should be consumed in moderation)
reason fetal hemoglobin is different than newborn & adults
dependence on the placenta, (aids in obtaining O2 from parental circulation)
right ventricule pump blood from _____ to ______; left ventrical pump blood from___ to ____
right from atrium to pulonary arteries
left from pulmonary veins to aorta
describe what physiologically occurs when the newborn takes the first breath
The lungs inflate, there is a rapid fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, the ductus arteriosus constricts due to bradykinin released from the lungs on initial inflation, the pressure increases in the left atrium = closure of the foramen ovale. Smooth muscles of ductus arteriosus contract and constrict