Units 1 and 2a
All organisms consist of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
What is the cell theory?
This stands for deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides
What is DNA and RNA?
This reaction results in a net release of energy
What are exergonic reactions?
Multiple genes encoded in one mRNA
What is polycistronic?
phosphatidyl choline is an example of this
What is a membrane phospholipid?
It is now accepted that early eukaryotes originated as predators
certain organelles evolved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell
What is the endosymbiont theory?
large, organized molecules that are typically created
by polymerization
What are macromolecules?
can be overcome by increasing [substrate]
what is competitive inhibition?
made up of a core enzyme, which has the ability to synthesize RNA and a regulatory subunit (sigma factor)
What is a holoenzyme?
transfer random phospholipids to other leaflet
What are scramblases?
The strongest type of chemical bond in a biological systems
What are covalent bonds?
The storage form for energy in plants and animals
both consist of α-glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 bonds
both coil into a helix (due to geometry of linkages)
What is starch and glycogen?
energy can be transferred and transformed, it cannot be created nor destroyed and energy tends to spontaneously disperse, from being localized, ordered to becoming spread out, disordered
What are the laws of thermodynamics?
RNApol reaches a transcription termination signal in DNA template codes for RNA that folds back on itself, forming hairpin structure
hairpin disrupts transcription complex
RNApol separates from RNA transcript
What is transcription termination in bacteria?
allow cells to concentrate certain substances or set up gradients that can be used to drive other processes
What are ion pumps?
first animal genome to be sequenced; location, lineage and fate of every cell in embryo, larva and adult is known
What is C. elegans (The worm)?
The disease caused by single point mutation which results in substitution of single amino acid in one chain of hemoglobin protein
What is sickle cell anemia?
when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by a product of that pathway
Product of pathway regulating its own synthesis
What is feedback inhibition?
proposes that the anticodon of tRNAs can still bind successfully to a codon whose third position requires a nonstandard base pairing
explains how one tRNA is able to base pair with more than one type of codon
What is the wobble hypothesis?
ion movement depends on whether it is being attracted across membrane (by oppositely charged molecules) or repelled (by ‘like’ charges)
What is the electrical gradient
The functional group that is acidic and the functional group that is basic
What is carboxylic acid and amino group?
two closely apposed sheets of lipids, studded with proteins serving as permeability barrier
carbohydrates (sugars) attached to protein and lipids in a non-random manner
What is the lipid bilayer?
most ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across inner mitochondrial membranes, generated using energy from NADH, FADH2, derived from breakdown of fuel molecules
What is the chemiosmotic theory?
Chemical modification of protein structure (modification of the amino acids from the 20 basic structures we talked about)
Generally involve addition of functional groups/small molecules to protein
What are post-translational modifications?
some single-celled eukaryotes have contractile vacuoles that periodically pump out water
terrestrial organisms carefully regulate the osmolarity of a fluid they circulate through their bodies such that it is iso-osmotic with their cytoplasm
What are osmoregulators?