pro/eukaryotes
what cell structures do all cells have?
DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane
where does mitosis happen? meiosis?
mitosis = somatic/body cells; meiosis = germ cells
What are the DNA base pairs? RNA?
DNA: a=t; c=g
RNA: a=u;c=g
what are the 3 processes that produce diversity in meiosis?
crossing over, independent assortment, segregation
what is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
chromosomes are condensed DNA, chromatin is uncondensed
what type of cell structures are only in eukaryotic cells?
membrane bound organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts; nucleus
how many times does the cell divide in mitosis? meiosis?
mitosis: 1; meiosis: 2
what is transcription? translation?
transcription: DNA -> RNA (nucleic acids->nucleic acids)
translation: RNA ->polypeptide/protein (nucleic acids->amino acids)
what is crossing over, and when does it happen?
when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information; prophase I
draw a single chromosome, and draw a replicated chromosome. what are the two identical strands of DNA called?
sister chromatids
what structure is only in animal cells and not plant cells?
lysosomes
what are the phases of mitosis/meiosis?
interphase, (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)(meiosis x2)
where does transcription occur? translation?
transcription = nucleus
translation = ribosomes
what is independent assortment, and when does it happen?
when homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell independent to each other; prophase I - anaphase I
what is isotonic? hypertonic? hypotonic?
isotonic: same concentration of solute on both sides
hypertonic: higher concentration of solute outside
hypotonic: lower concentration of solute outside
what structures are only in plant cells and not animal cells?
central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall
how many resulting cells do you get in mitosis? meiosis? are they identical?
mitosis: 2; identical
meiosis: 4; not the same
how does transcription start/end? translation?
transcription: RNA polymerase separates DNA strands, stops when no more DNA to transcribe
translation: start/stop codons
why do none of the processes of diversity happen in meiosis II?
There are no homologous chromosomes...
the cell spends most of its life in interphase, what are the 3 parts of interphase we talked about?
gap phase 1, synthesis, gap phase 2
if you see a cell under the microscope, how might you determine if it is prokaryotic, plant eukaryotic, or animal eukaryotic?
size/ zoom, shape, nucleus, chloroplasts, other defined structures
Are the resulting daughter cells of mitosis haploid or diploid, why? what about meiosis?
mitosis: diploid; parent diploid, replicate 1, divide 1
meiosis: haploid; parent diploid, replicate 1, divide 2
we start with DNA, how do we get to proteins?
DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA -> amino acid sequence = polypeptides = proteins
what causes chromosomal disorders?
nondisjunction; error in segregation
home might someone extract DNA from something? (hint we did this)
review strawberry procedures