Disorders
What causes Type I diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells
What are the two major products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
What is the main photoreceptor in chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
Where does CO₂ fixation occur within the chloroplast?
Stroma
Which organelle performs photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
Which glucose transporter fails to reach the membrane when insulin signalling is absent?
GLUT4
Ribose-5-phosphate is a precursor for what type of molecule?
Nucleotides (+ coenzymes, DNA, RNA)
Which colours of visible light are primarily absorbed by chlorophyll?
Blue and red
Which enzyme catalyses the first step of carbon fixation?
Rubisco
Which molecule produced in the light reactions helps drive the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
Why are erythrocytes especially affected by pyruvate kinase deficiency?
They rely entirely on glycolysis
Which enzyme begins the oxidative phase of the PPP?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What are the secondary light-harvesting pigments called?
Carotenoids
What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle?
Fixation, reduction, regeneration
Which PPP enzyme is inhibited by high NADPH levels?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Which mitochondrial disorder causes central vision loss?
LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy)
What does the non-oxidative phase regenerate from ribose phosphates?
Glucose-6-phosphate
Which protein transfers electrons from cytochrome b6f to PSI?
Plastocyanin
What fraction of triose phosphates must be recycled to RuBP?
Five-sixths (5/6)
Which pathway becomes the main ATP source during myocardial infarction?
Glycolysis
How can mt tRNA mutations cause Type 2 diabetes?
Reduced ATP prevents insulin release
Why does G6PD deficiency increase oxidative stress?
Less reduced glutathione
In cyclic electron flow, electrons from ferredoxin return to which complex?
Cytochrome b6f
What process occurs when Rubisco fixes O₂ instead of CO₂?
Photorespiration
What is the main advantage of the C₄ pathway?
Reduced photorespiration