Levels of Protein Structure
This level of structure is determined by the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
primary
These are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
These forces help proteins compact into their conformation due to the aqueous environment of the cell
hydrophobic forces
What is one thing that can induce conformational changes within proteins?
pH, temperature, interaction with other molecules
This covalent modification acts like an on/off switch for some proteins
phosphorylation
These are the 3 components of a nucleotide
Light Microscopy
This functional group contains an oxygen and a hydrogen
Hydroxyl
This is the center of the chromosome that is bound by the mitotic spindle during the cell cycle to help separate sister chromatids
Centromere
This type of lipid composes cell membranes
Phospholipids
This level of amino acid structure is determine by hydrogen bonding along the polypeptide backbone
secondary
These covalent bonds hold amino acids together
peptide
These proteins assist with polypeptide folding
This portion of an antibody binds to its antigen
variable portion
This enzyme phosphorylates proteins
kinase
These two nucleotides are purines
adenine and guanine
This type of microscopy uses UV light to visualize cells
Fluorescent microscopes
This functional group contains a carbon double bonded to and oxygen
Carbonyl
This structure is composed of histones, non-histone proteins, and DNA
Chromatin
This type of membrane protein fully spans the bilayer
Transmembrane protein
This is the most common type of secondary structure
alpha helices
Amino acids have these 4 general features
alpha carbon
amino group
carboxyl group
R group/side chain
An abnormal form of a protein is called this
a prion
This is how enzymes speed up reactions
by lowering activation energy
GTP-binding proteins are switched on when this happens
GTP binds to the protein
This is the covalent bond that connects nucleotides
phosphodiester
This type of microscopy passes electrons through a sample to produce a 2D image
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
This functional group contains a nitrogen and 2 hydrogens
Structural maintenance of chromosome proteins use this to power higher order chromosome organization
ATP hydrolysis
These 3 things increase membrane fluidity
Higher temperature
More double bonds
Shorter phospholipid tails
This level of amino acid structure is due to the properties of amino acids that contribute to a polypeptides 3D structure
tertiary
This region of an amino acid gives it it's unique properties
R group or side chain
This secondary structure is held together by hydrogen bonds between amino acids above and below a plane
beta sheet
This is reached when all enzymes are occupied by a substrate
VMAX
This molecule accelerates the release of GDP from a G-protein
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)
This is the shape that double stranded DNA forms
double helix
This technique shoots x-rays at a crystal, producing a diffraction pattern that can be used to determine structure
X-ray crystallography
This functional group contains a sulfur and a hydrogen
Sulfhydryl
This SMC protein creates topologically associated domains during chromosome packing
Cohesin
This enzyme moves phospholipids from the extracellular side of the membrane to the cytosolic side
Flippase
This level of amino acid structure is caused by polypeptide subunits joining together
quaternary
Amino acids link together to form what?
a polypeptide chain
You would expect to find this kind of amino acid on the inside of an alpha helix that is crossing a phospholipid bilayer
polar or charged
These are the 3 ways enzymes chemically transform their substrates
1. correct orientation
2. rearrange electrons
3. strain the substrate
This molecule prevents the release of GDP from a G-protein
Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI)
How many hydrogen bonds join base pairs C and G AND A and T?
C and G: 3
A and T: 2
This type of microscopy bounces electrons off the surface of a sample to produce a 3D image
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
This functional group contains a carbon, a double bonded oxygen, and a hydroxyl
Carboxyl
These proteins make up the nucleosome core along with DNA. Be sure to name all 4!
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
These are membrane-less compartments that concentrate proteins or nucleic acids and are found across all life forms
Biomolecular condensates