Localization Signals
This is where localization sequences are found on a polypeptide
N-terminus
Vesicles are the main mode of transport for cargo traveling in this area of the cell
Endomembrane system
This is the cellular location where proteins are covalently modified
ER
Cellular import
Long distance signaling such as that of hormones throughout the bloodstream
Endocrine
GPCRs span the membrane this many times
7
This second messenger is produced from ATP by adenylyl cyclase
cyclic AMP
cAMP
Dimerization
This is the main function of intermediate filaments
Help the cell withstand mechanical stress
This is the monomer of microtubules
Tubulin
What allows cargo to be moved along microtubules?
Motor proteins
This is the monomer of actin filaments
Actin
The arrangement of microtubules and actin in the cell give the cell this property which aids in movement and overall function
Polarity
What are the contractile units of muscle cells?
This is what happens to a localization sequence once a protein has reached its destination
It is cleaved from the protein
This transmembrane protein docks a vesicle once it reaches its destination
SNAREs
This type of modification involves joining two cysteine residues in order to stabilized a protein
Disulfide bond
Cellular export
Exocytosis
Local signaling between nearby cells
Paracrine
This occurs when GDP is exchanged for GTP on a G protein
These 2 second messengers are produced by phospholipase C
IP3 and DAG
Phosphorylated tyrosines
This is what intermediate filaments are composed of
Fibrous protein monomers
This is the main function of microtubules
Transport throughout the cell
Hydrolysis of this molecule enables motor protein movement
ATP
This is the main function of actin filaments
Cell shape and movement
Actin-related proteins facilitate the polymerization of actin at the leading edge of a cell by allowing new filaments to grow in this manner
Branched
What motor protein facilitates muscle contraction?
Myosin II
A hydrophobic signal sequence in the middle of a polypeptide chain will often cause what to happen to a protein?
It will become a transmembrane protein
This type of protein coat is the best studied when it comes to vesicles
Clathrin
An abundance of misfolded proteins will trigger this response in the ER
Unfolded protein response
Cellular eating
Phagocytosis
This type of regulation occurs when the final product of a pathway boosts its own production
Positive feedback
Which subunit of a G protein can activate an ion channel?
beta-gamma
This gaseous second messenger causes smooth muscle relaxation
nitric oxide
NO
RTKs activate this monomeric GTPase that is implicated in 30% of cancers
Ras
This class of intermediate filaments is found in every epithelial cell, each with their own unique mixture
Keratin
This is the structure most microtubules grow from in animal cells
Centrosome
This type of motor protein moves toward the plus end of microtubules
Kinesins
This refers to when actin is adding and subtracting monomers at the same rate
Treadmilling
This flattened protrusion extends from the leading edge of a cell to facilitate crawling
Lamellipodium
A rise in cytosolic Ca2+ binds this protein, causing a conformational change that allows myosin to interact with actin
Troponin
A mostly hydrophobic signal sequence will destine a protein for this cellular compartment
endoplasmic reticulum
These are the two purposes of the protein coat on a vesicle
2. capture cargo
Glycosylation site
Cellular drinking
Pinocytosis
Large and hydrophilic
Which subunit of a G protein activates adenylyl cyclase?
alpha
Cleavage of IP3 allows the molecule to move to the ER where it does what?
Opens Ca2+ channels
RTKs activate this enzyme to promote cell growth
PI 3-kinase
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
This modification weakens interactions between lamin in the nuclear lamina
Phosphorylation
This is the ability of microtubules to polymerize and depolymerize quickly
The structure of cilia and flagella includes this many doublets of microtubules
9
Hydrolysis of this reduces the strength between actin monomers to decrease filament stability
ATP
These protein dimers help drive actin filament elongation
Formins
The plus end of actin filaments in the sarcomere are attached to what structure?
Z disc
A localization signal sequence with several positively charged lysines and histidines will destine a protein for this cellular location
Nucleus
This protein is found on the surface of vesicles and is recognized by tethering proteins on the target membrane
Rab proteins
These 3 things happen as a result of the UPR
1. new protein synthesis slows
2. the ER expands
3. production of quality control proteins increases
A selective process by which cells take up material
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
This outcome of a signaling pathway would result in a slow cellular response
Changes in gene expression
This is how G proteins stop a signal
cAMP activates what enzyme?
cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase A
PKA
The end result of the RTK and PI 3-K pathway is the activation of this protein
Tor
This accessory protein helps stabilize intermediate filaments
Plectin
This protein complex initiates new microtubule growth off of an original filament
Augmin
This motor protein helps generate the bending motion of cilia and flagella
Dynein
This binds to actin monomers to prevent polymerization into a filament
Thymosin
These small GTPases control reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton
Rho proteins