Lecture 1-2
Has no explicit definition and describes one's awareness for their own internal/external existence
Consciousness
This causes variations in a heritable characteristic of a population over time.
Mutation
Three players of genetic expression
DNA, RNA , proteins
A gene that is highly conserved and led to the discovery of a new domain
Bonus +100 = tell me what it means for a gene to be highly conserved
16S rRNA
Bonus: gene that has remained relatively unchanged over a long period of time
Phylum of bacteria containing less peptidoglycan that obtain energy via photosynthesis in aerobic conditions
Cyanobacteria
A sensory input leads to the nervous system processing the stimulant to decide what to do. This then leads to the organism's response to the environment. (hint: response that occurs when nervous system activates)
Size, number of genes, gene density
Three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria
Conjugation, transduction, transformation
Hyperacidic lakes, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, polar regions, and acid mines are a few examples of environments you will find these in.
This is a process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia. Cyanobacteria are the main organisms responsible for this process.
Nitrogen fixation
Bigger difference in charge and higher voltage leads to this.
Higher membrane potentia
Traits shared due to common ancestry (homologies)
The three theories of how water formed on Earth
1. Formed during the creation of Earth (gas and dust particles)
2. Brought by meteors
3. Brought by Theia
Four jobs that bacteria carry out (on Earth)
1. Nutrient cycling
2. Decomposition
3. Mutualisms with plants and animals (type of symbiotic relationship)
4. Provides 20% of O2 and helps to purify water
Type of bacteria that contains large amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Gram-positive bacteria
When the extracellular solution has a lower concentration of negative ions than the intracellular solution.
Resting potential
Relation between Iguanas and Glass lizards on the tree (Nat will show image)
Sister group
Con of RNA first theory of life
Formation of RNA is considered too complex a molecule to have arisen spontaneously in the prebiotic environment
Daily double! Does not have a nuclear envelope, has several kinds of RNA polymerase, contains some introns, and has circular chromosomes
Some characteristics of archaea
Theory formed by the discovery of homologous rRNA sequences and similarities in biochemical pathways between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
The seven criteria that biologists use to determine what life does.
Three assumptions that are made in creating phylogenetic trees.
2. DNA is transferred vertically from parent to offspring
3. Bifurcating branches as ancestral population diverges
Pro of metabolism first theory of life
Illustrates a plausible pathway for the emergence of complex biological molecules and energy required to maintain ordered structures without relying on the assumption of a pre-existing self-replicating molecule (i.e. RNA)
Two scientists that wrote a paper in 1977 on the discovery of Archaea that revealed that prokaryotes were comprised of both bacteria and archaea.
Bonus +100: Tell me the surprising information indicated from the molecular analyses of the genomes of the three domains
Woese and Fox
Bonus: Eukaryotes and Archaea are sister groups in the tree of life
Period of time represented by a peak in the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere and a mass extinction in anaerobic organisms
Great oxygenation event