Muscles & Metabolism
A bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle.
What is a fascicle?
This type of shock occurs when an individual’s blood volume falls below 20%.
What is hypovolemic shock?
The value around which equilibrium is maintained.
What is a set point?
This nervous system manages voluntary reactions and movement.
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
This functional unit regulates blood volume and pressure, blood pH, controls electrolyte homeostasis, and secretes hormones.
What is a Nephron?
In the altitude paper, these two male populations had similar hemoglobin concentrations to those that live at sea level.
What are the Ethiopians and Tibetans?
The force generated by muscel contraction, or shortening of sarcomeres.
What is Muscle Tension?
This factor affects the rate of diffusion in gas exchange during respiration.
What is a concentration gradient? (also acceptable: surface area, molecular weight or solubility, diffusion distance)
The primary control center for the release of hormones.
What is the hypothalamus?
This nervous system is responsible for smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system.
What is the Enteric Nervous System?
Which pH disturbance is characterized by an Increase in pH, Vomiting stomach contents, Loss of chloride, and Increase in bicarbonate levels.
What is Metabolic Alkalosis?
The wave-like contraction of the GI tract propels a bolus converted into chyme through itself.
What is peristalsis?
This protein is responsible for blocking the binding sight of myosin heads on the actin filaments in the absence of calcium.
What is tropomyosin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells?
This type of syncope is induced by sudden emotional stress.
What is vasodepressor syncope?
This gland, often referred to as the "master gland," plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands and secretes hormones like growth hormone and ACTH.
What is the pituitary gland?
During an action potential, this ion rushes into the neuron, causing depolarization of the cell membrane.
What is sodium (Na+)?
These Marine mammals maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids such that it is always equal to the surrounding seawater.
What are Osmoconformers?
Inappropriate activation of trained immunity has been linked to this chronic vascular disease involving arterial plaque formation.
What is atherosclerosis?
Large and complex terminal formation by which an axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a skeletal muscle fiber.
What is a motor end plate?
The cardiovascular center decreases parasympathetic heart simulation and increases sympathetic heart stimulation.
What happens when feedback is decreased in the baroreceptor reflex?
When blood glucose levels are high, this hormone is secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose uptake in cells, thus restoring homeostasis.
What is insulin?
In myelinated neurons, action potentials jump between gaps in the myelin sheath. Name this process and the structures that enable it.
What is saltatory conduction, enabled by myelin from oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann cells (PNS) and the nodes of Ranvier?
This compound has a rate of solute passage through the nephron that increases steadily in the glomerular capsule and proximal tubule, then stabilizes in the distal tube and collecting duct.
What is morphine?
In the paper on altitude the gene that is down regulated in response to prolonged hypoxic conditions of the Tibetans.
What is HIF2-A Hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha?
A plant poison from poison arrow frogs that causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors.
What is Curare?
This structure in the cardiorespiratory system is responsible for regulating the rhythm of breathing by responding to changes in carbon dioxide levels, oxygen levels, and pH in the blood.
What is the medulla oblongata?
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates the body’s response to stress. This adrenal hormone, also known as a glucocorticoid, is a key player in the stress response.
What is cortisol?
This enzyme immediately breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft to terminate its action.
What is Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?
This specialized structure in the kidney creates a countercurrent exchange system that helps concentrate urine by maintaining a high osmolarity gradient in the medulla.
What is the loop of Henle?
The BCG is 100-year-old vaccine that provides protection against 2 certain diseases.
What is Meningitis and Disseminated Tuberculosis?