CARBOHYDRATES
What are carbohydrate molecules composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What determines protein function
protein structure
What are lipids
a Diverse Group of Molecules That Contain Regions Composed Almost Entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon, with Nonpolar Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds
What do nucleotides consist of
a Five-Carbon Sugar, a Phosphate Functional Group, and a Nitrogen-Containing Base
What is sucrose made of
glucose and fructose
where is fructose found?
in plants
What are proteins formed from and how
chains of Amino acids by dehydration synthesis
How many rings does a steroid have
four
What is DNA made of
deoxyribonucleic acid, contains deoxyribose nucleotides
What is the difference between cellulose and chitin
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plants while Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, crabs, and spiders
Where is galactose found
in milk
What do amino acids contain
-a central carbon and four functional groups
-Nitrogen-containing amino group (–NH2), Carboxyl group (–COOH), Hydrogen (–H), R-group (gives amino acids its properties)
What is the structure phospholipids
Water-Soluble Heads(hydrophilic) and Water-Insoluble(hydrophobic) Tails
Phospholipids contain two fatty acids, one glycerol, and one phosphate group
What does RNA contain
ribonucleic acid, contains ribose nucleotides
Starch is a chain of glucose monomers used for energy storage in plants while Glycogen is a chain of glucose monomers used for energy storage in animals
Where are ribose and deoxyribose found
in DNA and RNA
what is a peptide bond
forms when an amino group of one amino acid is joined to a carboxyl group of another amino acid
What is cholestrol
an important component of animal cell membranes
a. It is also an important component of hormones
b. Cholesterol is used to synthesize bile
What is a nucleic acids and what are some examples of nucleic acids
long chains of subunits known as nucleotides
DNA and RNA
What are sucrose, lactose, and maltose made of
sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Maltose = two glucose molecules
What is a monosaccharide vs a dissaccharide
Monosaccharides consist of one sugar molecule, while disaccharides consist of two sugars
bonded together
What are the four levels of protein structure and explain
Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein
Secondary structure is due to interactions between hydrogen bonds of amino acids (alpha helixand beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional configuration of the amino acid chain
Quaternary structure occurs in certain proteins when individual polypeptides are linked together by hydrogen bonds
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats contain no double bonds and are solid at room temperature while Unsaturated fats contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature
What are some nucleotides that act as energy carriers
Adenosine triphosphate carries energy from place to place within a cell
cAMP acts as a messenger molecule in cells
How are disaccharides linked and how are they broken?
Linked by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis