Science
Four attitudes scientists should have
What are Curiosity, Open-mindedness, skepticism, and creativity?
The universal solvent and why
Water is the universal solvent because it can dissolve almost everything
The six elements of life
What is Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulphur
"SCHONP" or "CHONPS"
The Scientific Unit of measurement for length, time, temperature, and mass?
What are Meters (m) for length, seconds (s) for time, Kelvin (K) for temperature and kilograms (kg) for mass.
The three subatomic particles, their charges, mass and where they can be found
What are neutrons have no charge, weigh 1 amu and can be found in the nucleus of an atom
Protons have a positive charge, weigh 1 amu and can also be found in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons have a negative charge, weigh 0 amu and are found in "shells" surrounding the nucleus
The difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law
What is:
A scientific theory is a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesis i.e "This process may happen this way under these circumstances." Not the absolute truth but the dominant view held by most scientists
A scientific law is a concise, specific description of how some aspect of the world is expected to behave in a certain situation.
1. Releases Hydrogen (H+) ions in solution, has a pH lower than 7
2. Releases Hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution, has a pH higher than 7
3. Weak acid or base that react with strong acids and bases to prevent sudden change in pH
What is?
1. Acids
2. Bases
3. Buffer
Carbon is unique because
ØFour valence electrons-Valence electrons allow them to form strong covalent bonds with other elements
ØCarbon can form bonds with itself-Allows it to make chains that are almost unlimited. These carbon bonds can be single. Double or triple bonds! (all covalent)
ØCarbon can form millions of different large and complex structures.
There are many different fields of biology, how does each field differ in their approach to studying biology?
What is? All biologists study life from the molecular level to the entire planet. Their focus and methodology is what makes them different
1. Previous bonds are broken and new bonds are made
2. Energy is either absorbed (endothermic or non-spontaneous) or released (exothermic or spontaneous)
3. Mass and energy are conserved
4. Reactants change chemically and are released as products
The Importance of Peer Review
What is?
1. Allows researches to share their work and ideas with others
2. Checking for Bias
3. Testing and evaluating each other's work
4. Ensure high standard of scientific quality is met
Remember Peer review must be-done by an expert in the field, anonymous, and independent.
Unique properties of water
-Expands when freezing (gets less dense)
-Needs a lot of energy (heat) to cause molecules to move faster and change to gas
-Has strong cohesion and adhesion
-Water is ploar
Carbon has three isotopes C12, C13, C14. Using the definition of Isotopes explain how these three carbons are different
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. (Mass number-number of protons plus neutrons)
C12 has 6 neutrons and protons
C13 has 7 neutrons and 6 protons
C14 has 8 neutrons and 6 protons
The characteristics or criteria of life
What is:
All living things are:
Based on a genetic code
Made up of cells
Grow and Develop
Respond to their environment
Reproduce
Maintain a stable internal environment (Homeostasis)
Obtain and use energy
Change over time
**Make sure you are able to give short explanations on each of them**
The main types of chemical bonds, explain and give examples
What is
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Ionic bonding usually occurs between metals and non-metals. Very strong bond, Involves the transfer of electrons, produces ions (negatively and positively charged) Examples include NaCl, MgCl2 e.t.c
Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals, strong but weaker than ionic bonds. Involves the elements sharing electrons, makes molecules. Examples include Water, CO2, NH3, Peptide bonds
Relationship between Science and Society?
What is?
1. Science must take societal issues, views, and challenges into account
2. Science does not include ethical or moral viewpoints-we need other fields to help with this
3. Society checks for Bias
4. As science and technology advances so does the society and as the society advances so does science and technology
5. If we understand more about science, and use it for the benefit of others, we can understand more about the world and how to take care of the world that God has been given to us.
Water's unique structure what is it?
Water is a molecule bonded by covalent bonds between 1 Oxygen atom and 2 Hydrogen atoms.
Because of Van Der Waal's forces, Oxygen which has 8 protons attracts more of the electrons to itself than Hydrogen.. This causes Oxygen to have a partial negative charge and Hydrogen to have a partial negative charge (polarity!!)
Because of the partial negative and positive charge, water can form bonds with other water molecules. (Hydrogen bonds with other partially negative atoms known as hydrogen bonding).
The four major biomolecules, their monomers, polymers and functions
What is?
Carbohydrate-Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Stores and gives energy, Also used for structural purposes in plants and some organisms.
Lipids- "Fatty acids and Glycerol", lipids, also stores and gives energy, Also form an important part of the cell (the cell membrane) and waterproof coverings like your skin, Steroid synthetization
Nucleic Acids-Nucleotides (5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous bases, Phosphate group), Nucleic acids, stores genetic information (DNA and RNA), Stores chemical energy (ATP)
Proteins- Amino acids (Amino group, carboxylic group, R-side chain), Polypeptides, Regulate Cell Processes and control reaction rate, Repair and build up damaged cells and tissue, Serve as cell transporters, Help fight diseases.
Bonus points if you can "draw" the monomers
How many big ideas are there in biology? can you name at least half of them?
What is 10 big ideas in Biology
Cellular basis of life
Information and Heredity
Matter and Energy
Growth, Development and Reproduction
Homeostasis
Changes over time (Evolution)
Structure and Function
Unity and Diversity of Life
Interdependence in Nature
Science as a way of knowing
**Make sure you know and understand at least three of these for the test**
There are two types of reactions endothermic (non-spontaneous) and Exothermic (spontaneous) explain how they are different. How would the addition of an enzyme affect the reactions?
Endothermic-Absorbs energy, will not occur spontaneously, has a large activation energy, reactants start off with low energy and products end up with high energy.
Exothermic-Releases energy, will occur spontaneously, has a smaller activation energy, reactants start out with high energy, and products have lower energy.
An enzyme will lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to start, making the reaction happen faster.
Explain the steps of the Scientific method
Observing and Asking Questions
Inferring and forming a Hypothesis
Designing controlled experiments:
(Many steps in this)
Collecting and Analyzing data
Drawing conclusions
Application/Publication
Water can dissolve different solutes to form two different types of mixtures? Explain how it does this.
Solutions: The solute dissolves and is dispersed equally in the solvent (Because water is polar, it can dissolve other polar substances and ionic substances).
Example, Salt dissolving in water, Na which is positive is attracted to the partial negative charge on oxygen and Cl is attracted to the partial positive charge on Hydrogen so it splits apart and water molecules surround and separate the charged ions.
Suspensions- Sometimes materials placed in water do not dissolve but instead break apart into smaller pieces that do not settle or completely dissolve). Mixture of water and non-dissolved substances is called a suspension.
Some important biological fluids are both solutions and suspensions. For example your blood. Your blood is mostly water and in it there are dissolved substances like salt and other ions but it also contains cells and big proteins that do not dissolve.
For reference, see page 42 of the textbook
Polymerization, what is it? how does it work? Can you give examples?
Polymerization is the process by which two or more monomers come together to form polymers (many units of one thing)
Addition Polymerization- Monomers join together without any change in their molecules
Condesation polymerization-A small molecule, usually water, is released each time monomers join together.
Example Glucose coming together to make starch (glucose has Oxygen and Hydrogen so water is released when the bond together to form complex carbohydrates)
Choose a side:
Are viruses living or non-living?
Living:
Made up of cells, reproduce, change over time, grow, use energy and material etc., Viruses are able to do a majority of what living things can do so they should be classified as living things.
Nonliving:
Viruses can do none of these on their own but need a living cell to be able to actually function properly. Plus they don't have DNA so they can't be considered living things.
Bonus points if their arguments are backed with logic and reasoning
What are enzymes, how do they work
Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as nature's catalysts that help to speed up the rate of a reaction.
Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. They do this by providing a site for the reactants to collide into one another with enough energy for the reaction to happen
Enzymes are specific to a specific substrate i.e, one particular enzyme catalyzes one specific reaction
Enzymes are affected by changes in temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules (turn enzymes on and off)