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Structure, growth, and Development
Transport
Angiosperm reproduction
Plant Responses
Mystery
100
What structure is responsible for the production of secondary vascular tissue?
-the vascular cambium
100
A solute travels towards the stele through the cell wall and extracellular spaces. Which transport route has it taken, and will it be able to enter the vascular tissue from its current route?
-apoplastic route -no, the casparian strip will force the solute to cross a membrane and enter the cytoplasm (symplastic route) before allowing it into the stele
100
Name the three major parts of a carpel.
-style -stigma -ovary
100
Morphological adaptions for growing in darkness are collectively called?
-etiolation
100
What are the three dispersal mechanisms of fruits and seeds?
-wind -water -animals
200
What are the three important functions of roots?
1. anchoring the plant 2. absorbing minerals and water 3. storing carbohydrates
200
What establishes membrane potential?
-the active transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane, making the outside of the cell more positive with respect to the inside. (proton pumps)
200
What are the three 'F's?
-flowers -double-fertilization -fruits
200
The three stages of the signal transduction pathway are?
-reception -transduction -response
200
What is the vascular tissue of a root or stem is collectively called?
-the stele
300
What is primary vs. secondary growth, and which buds are associated with each?
-primary growth is vertical (heightening) and is associated with the apical bud -secondary growth is horizontal (widening) and is associated with the axillary bud
300
This occurs when the protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell walls.
-plasmolysis
300
How many rounds of mitosis do megasporangium undergo and how many cells are produced?
-3 rounds of mitosis -8 cells produced
300
In transduction, these transfer and amplify signals from receptor proteins. (give an example from the unit)
-second messengers -cGMP
300
Separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants is a form of asexual reproduction called?
-fragemntation
400
Monocots and eudicots differ in their arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leaves. Explain how they're different.
-most monocots have parallel veins -most eudicots have branching veins
400
The polarity of water makes it move across the membrane at a relatively slow rate. What transport protein facilitates a more rapid diffusion of water?
-aquaporins
400
The evolution of flowers has four general trends, name at least three.
-bilateral symmetry -reduction in the number of floral parts -fusion of floral parts -location of ovaries inside receptacles
400
A farmer would like to grow larger and more plentiful fruit. Having taken Bio109, you confidently tell him that he needs to increase this hormone to achieve the desired results.
-gibberellins
400
What chemiosmotic mechanism is responsible for the movement of sugar (sucrose) into and out of the phloem?(Hint: what type of transport is being used and what membrane protein is needed to move sugar)
-proton pumps move hydrogen ions across the membrane, creating a higher H+ concentration on the outside of the cell. Cotransporters are able to use this concentration gradient to assist the movement of sucrose into the cell
500
What structure controls the direction of cell elongation in plants?
-cellulose micro-fibrils in the cell wall restrict the direction of cell elongation, causing the plant cells to expand vertically
500
Name three stimuli that cause the opening or closing of the stomata.
-light -CO2 depletion -an internal 'clock' in guard cells (circadian rhythms)
500
Angiosperm species that have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants are called?
-dioecious species
500
Explain the steps by which auxin stimulates cell elongation.
1. auxin stimulates the cells proton pumps 2. acidification of the cell wall activates expansins (enzymes that loosen the cell wall)
500
Sensors in the coleoptile detect light shining on the left side of a plant. On which side of the plant will auxin be produced, which side of the plant will experience cell elongation, and which direction will the plant begin to bend?
-auxin will be produced on the right -cell elongation will occur on the right (due to the presence of auxin) -the plant will begin to grow to the left (towards the light source)