Chemistry in life
What is matter?
Anything that has both mass and volume- occupies space and can be weighted.
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are different forms of the same element that have the same # of proteins but vary in # of neutrons. They are used in biology tracing elements in living organisms, dating organic materials, medical imaging and treatment.
what are the 4 major macromolecules? How can you use nutrition labels to help guide you in eating these?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. foods are required to offer information about the major nutrients provided by the foods. proteins and carbs are 4 calories, fats are 9 per gram. If you multiply the # of servings by the amount listed you can identify how ma y good nutrients you are getting as well as how many bad such as sodium and trans fats.
what are the three domains of life
archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya
What is the function of the nucleus
Nucleus - cells control center housing DNA and coordinating cell activity like growth, reproduction. Protein synthesis- ribosomes produced here
What information is provided by the periodic table?
Elements are identified by their # of protons (atomic #) - arranged in horizontal rows called periods 1-7 representing energy levels, vertical columns called groups/periods 1-`8. Listed in increasing order of atomic #. Elements within the same group have similar properties due to having the same # of valence electronics. It also tells the atomic mass based on proton # and neutron #
what are ionic bonds?
This involves the transfer electrons between ions, 1 gains, 1 loses- in the periodic table it involves metals and nonmetals or metal and polyatomic ion
what is the function of carbohydrates and what monomers does it include and what elements is it made of? what are some examples of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for all organelles. They are also the main structure for plants. The monomers include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose. elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Examples: grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, legumes
which kingdoms belong to each domain?
Eukarya- 4- Kingdom Protista, kingdom fungi, kingdom plantae, kingdom animalia (us)
2- archaea, bacteria: are PROKARYOTES
What is the function of the Mitochondria
produces energy for the cell through ATP and cellular respiration, power house of the cell signal, calcium storage, regulate cell death
How can you use the periodic table to identify acids and bases? How does this relate to pH? How do buffers relate to pH?
The periodic table can be used to locate the acids- they are typically found on the right side while bases are on the left. acids increase as you move right and bases increase as you move left. the table is separated by periods and groups. A pH of below 7 makes it an acid while above 7 makes it a base. 7 is neutral such as water. You can use a buffer with these elements to resist change in pH and keep things stable.
What are covalent bonds?
This bond SHARES 1 or more electrons it is between 2 or more NON metals
what is the function of lipids and what monomers does it include and what elements is it made of? what are some examples of lipids?
VARIOUS FUNCTIONS: energy storage, membrane formation, steroid function, ALL HYDROPHOBIC, no real monomers but made of Fats: saturated or unsaturated phospholipids: form cellular membranes liposome
elements Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
examples: saturated: butter, lard, cheese
unsaturated: fish oil, corn oil, walnuts
What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukarya- have nucleus (DNA), membrane bound organelles “outer boundary allows materials in and out”, more complex
prokaryotes do not have nucleus , and lack most membrane bound organelles
What is the function of Chloroplast?
Chloroplast- carry out photosynthesis- converts light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. Converts CO2 and water in glucose and oxygen
What are enzymes? What impacts them?
Enzymes serve as catalysts- speed up chemical reactions and lowers the activation energy of a reaction. Breaks down large molecules into smaller (most end in ASE) lock and key- substrate fits into active site. Or induced fit- may change slightly.
Increasing temp speeds up reaction and can lead to denaturing
pH affects stability and function
What are polar bonds?
This involves 2 atoms connected by covalent bonds with an UNEVEN distribution of charge, it has a negative charge at one end and a + at the other other
what is the function of proteins and what monomers does it include and what elements is it made of? what are some examples of proteins?
Involved in nearly all cellular functions;
composed of aminos acids, polypeptide, structure determines the function
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. AND nitrogen
examples: egg, lean meat, nuts, fish, poultry, tofu
Explain Photosynthesis, give details, and What is the chemical equation?
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars. Allows plants to store energy from the cell and use it to build biomass to system light. Transforms sunlight into food and oxygen. It occurs in the chloroplast organelle. (eukaryotic)
Compartmentalization of the chloroplasts helps to increase surface area and decrease competition between competing interactions. This increases the efficiency of the reactions that need to take place.
6CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 input is the CO2 and water uses light energy to create outputs glucose and oxygen are outputs.
Ribosomes function?
Ribosomes- cellular protein synthesis- translate generic code from mRNA into amino acids, fold to form proteins (translation)
What is density? How does it relate to water?
Density = mass/ volume refers to how much mass is packing into any given volume. High density is more packed. Water becomes ice - ice is less dense than water that is why it floats
What are hydrogen bonds and how is water related to this process?
This is a bond when intermolecular attracted between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom like xylene, nitrogen, fluorine (H2O) polarized. Water is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT; it is related to this because it can dissolve more substances then any other liquid due to polarity and hydrogen bonding. In specifics: Oxygen atom pulls the shared electron in the covalent bond more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, leading to uneven distribution of charge. The bent structure also adds to this polarity. This characteristic allows cohesion (water to water) and adhesion (water to other things) adheres to anything via hydrogen bonds which causes capillary action. Its high heat capacity allows it to absorb heat and temp changes from the air.
what is the function of nucleic acids and what monomers does it include and what elements is it made of? what are some examples of nucleic acids ? How do they differ?
Store, transmit, and express generic information
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND nitrogen
Monomers- Nucleotides: thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine
Polynucleotides - made up of those ^
-RNA (ribonucleic acid): cytosine, guanine, adenine, difference- uracil
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) :Cytosine, guanine, adenine, difference- thymine
Explain Cellular Respiration and give details/chemical equation. How is this essential to photosynthesis?
cellular respiration is to generate energy in the form of atp for the cell to use. Breaks down glucose and other food, releasing the stored chemical energy and converting it into a usable form of energy for cellular activities. Keeps the cell alive. Aerobic respiration makes far more ATP then anaerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6o2 -> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) glucose and oxygen input, carbon dioxide, water, and energy output.
both systems are Interconnected and crucial for cycling matter and energy in ecosystems. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen while cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. They run the system organisms and keep balance in the ecosystem
Lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles and Golgi apparatus function?
Lysosome- recycling center. Digests food particles, Water disposal- break down macromolecules into smaller components
Smooth (builds up fats and lipids) and rough endoplasmic reticulum- production proteins
GOlgi apparatus- helps sorts and package proteins are the cell
Vacuoles- storage, waste management and structural support