Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipids are the perfect membrane due to having both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic regions.
This is called ______
Amphipathic
Aquaporins are a form of passive transport responsible for _____
Bulk transport of water
What's the difference between Catabolism vs Anabolism
Catabolism: Breaking down, releasing energy
Anabolism: Building up, needing energy
Due to Enzymes unique shapes, they tend to be ____
Specific
What are the four steps to Cellular Respiration
1: Glycolysis
2: Pyruvate Oxidation
3: Krebs/ Citric Acid Cycle
4: Oxidative Phosphorylation
What are the two steps in photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle
What kind of membrane do both Mitochondria's and Chloroplast have?
Double
Describe Activation Energy
The energy required to start a spontaneous/ non-spontaneous reaction
Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
These two protein types are prevalent on cellular membranes.
Integral
Peripheral
The three types of Carrier proteins in active transport are
Uniporter
Symporter
Antiporter
What is the formula for Metabolism
Anabolism + Catabolism
What is an Allosteric Site
Location for non-competitive inhibition
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur
Cytoplasm and Inner Mitochondria
What are the Reactants/ Products of each step
L.R R) Photons & NADP+ & H2O
L.R P) NADPH + O2
Calvin R) CO2 & NADPH
Calvin P) CH2O & NADP+
What is the Stomata
Tiny pores that control the rate of gas exchange
Cofactors are composed of which two groups
Metal ions
Coenzymes
In the Calvin Cycle, how many "Turns" is required to generate 1 G3P and how many is required to generate 1 Glucose
3, 6
____ ____ are used by Viruses to enter into host cells.
Viral Receptors
What is the difference between Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion and Diffusion
Osmosis: Water attraction to solute
Diffusion: High to low, Concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion for ions/ large polar . molecules utilizing trans membrane proteins
What are the 1st and 2nd laws of Thermodynamics
1: Energy isn't created or destroyed only transferred
2: Entropy of universe always increases/ loss energy
What are the three ways to limit enzyme activity?
Environmental Factors
Molecular Components
Local Conditions
What are the two types of fermentation and why is fermentation necessary
(Hint, this refers to the conversion of pyruvate step. What occurs there?)
Lactic Acid & Alcohol
NAD+ regeneration for glycolysis
The Carbon Cycle is Light _____ and Light Reactions are light _____
Independent
Dependent
Why doesn't fermentation utilize the Mitochondria
1) Extra Effort
2) Glycolysis occurs in Cytoplasm
If we are to put a fresh water fish in salt water, the water in the fish's cells will be drawn out into the environment. In this case, the environment is _____ to the fish
Hypotonic
If Fat/ Protein is used in Cellular Respiration, what would they come in as?
Acetyl CoA
Proteins in the cellular membrane make up these 3 main roles
Transporters, Receptors and Enzymes
Name the three types of Endocytosis and what they are
Phagocytosis (Eating)
Pinocytosis (Drinking)
Receptor-Mediated (similar to pino)
Bioenergetics is the study of what
The flow of energy through an organism
Scenario
The bodies ability to produce product is slowing down due to enzyme function being inhibited. If we introduce 1000x the substrate, yet there is no change in product being produced, then we know this is a ______ inhibitor
Non-competitive
What are the primary products/ reactants of the first two steps
Glycolysis R) Glucose & NAD+ & ADP
Glycolysis P) Pyruvate & NADH & ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation R) Pyruvate & Coenzyme A
Pyruvate Oxidation P) 2 Acetyl CoA & 2 CO2
Oxaloacetate in the Krebs Cycle is similar to _____ of the Calvin Cycle
RuBP
What is the purpose of the Endomembrane system?
Membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized, modified, packaged, & transported here
What is the visible range of light?
400-700nM
What is the role of H+ in ECT and where is it pumped in Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis?
C.R) Pumps into inner membrane
P) Pumps into intermembrane
The cell membrane is able to maintain its fluidity at Higher/ Lower temperatures due to ____ acting as a fluidity buffer
Cholesterol
The _____ ____ is generated due to cytoplasm of cells containing more negatively charged molecules compared to the extracellular fluid
Electrochemical Gradient
Adenosine Triphosphate releases energy through the process of
Phosphorylation
What are the two primary factors in Environmental Regulation?
pH and Temperature
What are the primary reactants/ products of the final two steps
Krebs R) 2Acetyl CoA & 6NAD+ & 2FAD+
Krebs P) 4CO2 & 2ATP & 6NADH & 2FADH
O.P R) 10NADH & O2 & 2FADH
O.P P) H2O & 32 ATP
What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle?
1) Carbon Fixation
2) CO2 Reduction
3) RuBP Regeneration
Would the Intermembrane of the Mitochondria be more, less or similar in acidity compared to the inner membrane
More
What is a coupling reaction?
The combination of an exergonic and endergonic reaction results in a net output being exergonic. This now allows the endergonic reaction to be favorable.
In the Calvin Cycle, how much G3P/ 3PGA is produced/ used in each step?
Carbon Fixation) 2 3PGA is produced
Reduction) 2 G3P molecules is produced (3C + 3C)
RuBP Regeneration) 5"G3P" is recycled and 1 is emitted as product
Label the following in order of most difficult to enter the cell to easiest to enter the cell
Polar Large, Polar Small, Ions, Non-polar small, Non-polar Large
Ions
Polar Large
Non-polar Large
Polar Small
Non-polar small
The Sodium Potassium pump, due to its ability to transport _____, is also known as a _____ pump
Ions
Electrogenic Pump
List out the formula for Gibbs free energy and explain which each element is
What is Gibbs free energy if it is negative/ positive
G = S - TH
G= Gibbs Free Energy
S= Enthalpy
H= Entropy
T= Temperature in Kelvin
What are the three factors for Local Condition Inhibition
Different Tissues of Body
Different area of the cell
Different Organisms
Describe the process of the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
ETC) A series of Protein complexes that pass along a series of electrons to pump H+ ions against their gradient
Chemiosmosis) Flow of H+ ions back through ATP Synthase
What is the difference between the Action Spectrum vs the Absorption Spectrum
Absorption) The amount of light absorbed by each pigment
Action) The overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light
What are the 5 components of the Endomembrane System
ER
Golgi apparatus
Nuclear Envelope
Plasma Membrane
Lysosomes
According to energy transfer/ rule of 10's, if the sun has 1,000 kJ of energy and then flows into a plant which is eaten by a Capybara, how much energy does the Capybara have?
1 kJ
How much ATP is produced in the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis) 2
Pyruvate Oxidation) 0
Citric Acid Cycle) 2
Phosphorylation Oxidation) 32-34