Chapter 14
Trait
Are genetic mutations always bad
No
Which direction does translation proceed
5’ to 3’
Located some distance from operon and has its own promoter that produces repressor, expressed continuously at a low rate.
Regulator gene
What is the purpose of PCR
Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used to target specific fragments of DNA and artificially amplify (increase their quantity) them.
First filial generation
F1 Generation
The proportion of each allele in the gene pool of a population.
Allele frequency
The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
Gene expression
Entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production
Operon
Name 1 use of PCR
1. For DNA fingerprinting, to identify a person by blood or tissue left at a crime scene
2. To test for genetic diseases in a growing embryo, using embryonic cells
3. Using chloroplast DNA to research plant evolution
4. To amplify DNA fragments from 2 possible fathers and a child to confirm the paternity of a child
When two alleles affect phenotype separately, NOT and intermediate between the two.
Codominance
What forms the binding sites for general transcription factors
Promoters
Sequences of 3 amino acids
Codons
Specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor.
Inducer
An organsim that has only produced offsprings of the same variety as parent over many generations.
True breeding
What are the binding sites of the specific transcription factor
Enhancers
bonds in DNA that form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
Base pairing
Usually inactive operon but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein.
Inducible operon
When a single gene has more that one phenotypic effect.
Pleiotropy
Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNAs to produce the mature mRNA
Alternative Splicing
groups of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously
Polyribosomes
Proposes that specific combinations of modifications, as well as the order in which they have occurred, help determine the chromatin configuration, which in turn influences transcription
Histone code hypothesis