Nervous and endocrine systems
The main role of the nervous and endocrine systems in the body.
What is maintaining homeostasis?
These receptors detect light
What are photoreceptors?
This process widens blood vessels to release heat.
What is vasodilation?
his fluid-filled organelle stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure.
The structures that open and close to regulate water loss in plants.
What is stomata?
Diseases caused by pathogens that can spread between organisms.
What are infectious diseases?
The body’s first line of defence against pathogens.
What are skin and mucous membranes?
This is one common way pathogens spread, including touching an infected person.
What is direct contact?
This type of feedback reduces the effect of a stimulus to restore balance.
What is negative feedback?
These receptors detect chemicals such as oxygen and CO₂.
What are chemoreceptors?
This hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidney.
What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
The fluid-filled organelle that stores water and maintains turgor pressure.
What is the vacuole?
The type of pathogen made only of misfolded proteins.
What are prions?
The white blood cells that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis.
What are macrophages?
This strategy keeps infected people separate from healthy populations to slow spread.
What is quarantine?
These three types of neurons connect receptors to effectors.
What are sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons?
These receptors detect pressure, touch, and sound vibrations.
What are mechanoreceptors?
This behaviour involves animals lowering their metabolism during winter.
What is hibernation?
This waxy layer reduces water loss from plant leaves.
What is the cuticle?
The microbial features that allow pathogens to stick to host cells.
What are adherence factors?
The immune cells that produce antibodies in the humoral response.
What are B lymphocytes (B cells)?
When enough people are immune, this effect reduces disease spread in the community.
What is herd immunity?
This insulating material speeds up the transmission of an action potential.
What is the myelin sheath?
These receptors detect damaging or painful stimuli.
What are nociceptors?
This physiological response generates heat through muscle contractions.
What is shivering?
In drought, plants may reduce leaf size or drop leaves as this type of survival strategy.
What is a structural adaptation?
The molecules on cells that allow the immune system to recognise “self.”
What are MHC markers (antigens)?
The immune cells that destroy infected body cells in the cell-mediated response.
What are T lymphocytes (T cells)?
These factors — persistence in the host, transmission method, and population mobility — all influence this aspect of a disease.
What is the rate of disease spread?
These chemical messengers cross the synaptic cleft to transmit a signal.
What are neurotransmitters?
These receptors detect changes in temperature.
What are thermoreceptors?
This process removes heat by converting liquid water on the skin to vapour.
What is evaporative heat loss (sweating)?
This term describes the pressure of water inside plant cells that keeps leaves rigid.
What is turgor pressure?
The group of pathogens that includes tapeworms and roundworms.
What are parasites?
The cells that provide long-term protection after infection or vaccination.
What are memory cells?
Analysing outbreak data can help scientists identify both the original source of infection and this method of movement between hosts.
What is the mode of transmission?