The operon which has high lactose levels and low glucose levels.
What is lac operon
100
Describe HDACS.
What is Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histones, favoring condensed chromatin.
100
Where are Promoter proximal elements located?
What is upstream from the promoter.
100
What is an autocrine signal?
What is 1. Autocrine: signal is received by the same cell that released it
100
Operons are common in...
What is prokaryotes
200
What are the characteristic of prokaryotic gene expression?
What is newly made mRNAs are capped at the 5’ end, introns are removed and polyadenylated at the 3’ end
200
What do regulator transcription factors bind to?
What is Regulatory transcription factors (TFs) bind to enhancers or silencers.
200
What are the two types of signaling molecules?
What is
1. Lipid soluble (hydrophobic, can cross the plasma membrane)
2. Lipid insoluble (hydrophilic, cannot cross the plasma membrane)
200
What percentage of DNA do we all share?
What is 98%
300
How many ORF does the Trp operon have? Name them
What is 5, A-E
300
What are promoters and what are they bound by?
What is bound by RNA polymerase and basal transcription factors. Transcription starts just downstream of the promoter.
300
What is RNA stability regulated by?
What is RNA stability can also be regulated by short interfering RNAs
300
To be active, G proteins must be...
To be inactive, G proteins must be...
What is Active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP (different conformations)
300
Describe epigentics.
What is DNA methylation, passage of covalent modifications of DNA from generation to generation,
400
What needs to be bound by cAMP for transcription to occur?
What is CRP needs to be bound by cAMP to bind to the CRP site.
400
In chromatin remodeling, what loosens the condensed chromatin?
What is Chromatin remodeling complexes use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to loosen up condensed chromatin
400
What is translation controlled by?
What is Translation can be regulated by proteins that bind to the mRNA (typically in the 3’ UTR) to promote or inhibit translation.
400
What is protein phosphorylation?
What is Enzymes called kinases can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a molecule
400
What are two processes that occur in eukaryotes that do not occur in prokaryotes?
What is DNA packaging – eukaryotes use histones and chromatin packaging, prokaryotes do not
B. Alternative splicing and polyadenylation – happens in eukaryotes, not in prokaryotes
500
With high glucose and lactose, what occurs? Explain using the brake/gas analogy.
What is In high glucose and lactose, there is no break, but only little gas, so there is little or no transcription of the lac operon
500
When can translation of prokaryotic mRNA occur?
What is during transcription
500
How is protein activity in post-translational control regulated?
What is Protein activity can be modified addition or removal of small tags, for example a phosphate group.
500
What are the first three steps in the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway?
What is Signal causes two inactive tyrosine kinase receptors to dimerize
2. The tyrosine kinases phosphorylate each other
3. A G-protein known as Ras binds to the phosphorylated receptor and exchanges its GDP for GTP
500
In a single PCR cycle consisting of 30 seconds at 94 C, 1 min at 50 C, and 1 min at 72 C, what is happening in the step run at 94 C?