Evolution
the process of biological change over time in which descendants differ from their ancestors
the study of organism distribution over the world
biogeography
is the combined alleles of all the individuals in a population
gene pool
The study of interactions among living things and their surroundings
Ecology
all of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives
a habitat
what was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's early ideas of evolution called
inheritance of acquired characteristics
what are the three early developmental similarities in vertebrates?
notochord, pharyngeal arches, dorsal nerve cord
a random change in DNA that can change an allele
mutation
A ________ is a group of different species that live together in one area
community
the physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce
ecological niche
the difference in physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the same group it belongs in
variation
features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms with different functions (bat wing vs human hand)
homologous structures
The observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time (on a small scale)
microevolution
are living things such as plants, animal, fungi, and bacteria
biotic factors
the biogeochemical cycle with a fossil fuel reserve
the carbon cycle
the feature allowing an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment
adaptation
structures that perform similar function but are not similar in origin
analogous structures
Selection that favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait’s range
directional selection
a species with an unusually large effect on its ecosystem
keystone species
An ecological niche includes :
food, abiotic factors, behavior
The mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations show differential reproductive success
Natural selection
remnants of organs are structures in early ancestors that no longer serve useful or serve a different function
vestigial structures
A genetic drift that occurs after a major event that greatly reduces the size of a population
bottleneck effect
are organisms that get their energy from nonliving sources, meaning they make their own food
producers
A close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another
symbiosis