Digestion
List all the enzymes present in your stomach that help with digestion.
Pepsin - breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Veins have valves, arteries do not
Veins use skeletal muscles to move, arteries do not
Name 3 structures that have cartilage
What cells are used to remember pathogens and which are used to prevent the immune systems for attacking itself?
Memory B-cells and suppressor T-cells
kidney makes urine --> ureters --> bladder --> urethra --> outside
What is the induced fit model?
Actual shape of the active site is altered slightly when the substrate molecules are trapped to make the fit between the enzyme and substrate tighter during the enzyme-substrate complex
List the 3 branches of the aortic arch and where it provides oxygenated blood to
- Brachiocephalic artery- arms and head
- Subclavian artery- arms
- Carotid artery- brain
During inhalation, describe what happens to the air pressure, intercoastal muscles and diaphragm
Both muscles contract, diaphragm goes down, rib-cage goes up.
To inhale, air pressure is low inside the body and high outside.
What are the general differences between the 3 lines of defence used by the body?
1st = physical
2nd = non-specifc WBC response
3rd = specific antibody response
What are the roles of the descending and ascending loops on Henle?
Descending = reabsorption of H20
Ascending = reabsoption of NaCl
How are the stomach contents neutralized in the small intestine?
HCl will activate prosecretin, to secretin. Secretin will alert the pancreas to produce bicarbonate ions which neutralizes stomach content.
Describe how systolic and diastolic blood pressure is taken
Systolic:
A cuff with an air bladder is wrapped around the arm
A pump inflates the air bladder, closing off blood flow through the brachial artery
A stethoscope is put under the cuff, and air is slowly released from the bladder until you hear a low-pitch sound
Diastolic:
4. The air bladder is further deflated, until the sound disappears
Describe emphysema: what it effects, the causes, and treatment
Effect: Nonreversible lung condition where the alveoli burst and fuse
Causes: exposure to airborne irritants, including smoking (90% of symptoms) and pollution
Treatment: oxygen tank/ mask, inhalers: bronchodilators & steroids
If someone has the blood type AB+, what antigens and antibodies do they have?
Antigen A
Antigen B
Antigen Rh
No antibodies
Define reabsorption, secretion, and filtration
Reabsorption; nephron to blood
Secretion; blood to nephron
Filtration; blood to Bowman's capsule
Describe the digestion of proteins, starting from the mouth to the small intestine
Mouth: mechanical digestion only
Stomach: pepsin
Small intestine: trypsinogen becomes trypsin, erepsin
Describe the capillary exchange
Oxygenated blood enters from the arterial end Deoxygenated blood leaves through the venous end
O2, AA, glucose leaves capillary at arteriole end and enters cell. CO2 and waste enter capillary at venous end from cell
Describe the sliding filament theory
Influx of calcium, which exposes the actin filaments’ binding sites
The myosin filaments can now attach to the actin, forming a cross-bridge. Myosin will power stroke to attach to actin.
Name the 3 types of carbohydrates with an example of each
- Monosaccharide: glucose, sucrose, galactose
- Disaccharide: fructose, lactose, maltose
- Polysaccharide: starch, cellulose, glycogen
List the parts of the heart that blood flows through in the correct order, starting from the vena cava, ending with the aorta.
Vena Cava --> Right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary semilunar valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> bicuspid --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta
Describe the 3 ways that CO2 gets transported from the body to the alveoli (including percentages)
- Carbaminohemoglobin (27%)
- Carbonic acid (64%)
- Dissolved in plasma (9%)