Exam I Material
Maintaining balance within the body between the external environment and internal controls.
Homeostasis
Which gland is considered the “master gland” of the endocrine system?
The pituitary gland.
What are eukaryotic cell walls made of?
Species that are not extinct, but still living today are called?
Extant.
What are the #1 decomposers today?
Fungi.
An enzyme in your saliva that starts breaking down your food.
Salivary amylase
What hormones trigger ovulation? Name all of them.
Rise in estrogen (estradiol), FSH and LH.
What structure in prokaryotes contains the circular DNA?
The nucleoid.
The ability of an organism to move towards or away from a stimulus is called?
Taxis.
Ex. Chemotaxis and phototaxis
What dietary catergory does an animal fall under if it consumes both plants and animals? What other 2 categories are there?
Omnivore. The other 2 are carnivore and herbivore.
In carbon dioxide transport, there is one method that dominates the others and is used 85% of the time, what is it called?
Bicarbonate buffer system or transported as bicarbonate ions.
During gastrulation, what happens?
The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) form.
Many prokaryotes have a sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein surrounding the cell wall, what is it called and what is one thing it helps with.
Capsule if it is dense and well-defined or a slime layer if it is not well organized
Both types help with adherence to the substrate or other individuals, prevent dehydration, and protect the cell from the host’s immune system.
In seeded plants that are heterosporous, what are the female cells (ova) and the male cells (sperm) called?
Megaspores for female and microspores for male.
Which type of hormone is most likely to bind to an intracellular receptor?
What are the other 2 types of hormones.
Steroid hormones. Amines (amino-acid derived) or polypeptide hormones.
What are the 4 main categories of tissues.
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues.
What are glial cells?
Support cells that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons.
Define obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation or use substances other than O2 for anaerobic respiration.
Facultative anaerobes can use O2 if it is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if not.
What are saprobes?
They are organisms that get nutrients from dead matter.
What are the 4 types of feeding mechanisms? Describe 2.
Filter: small food particles are sifted out of water
Substrate: feeder lives in/on food source and eats its way through the food
Fluid: suck fluids from living host. Parasitic when host is harmed. Not always harmful (hummingbirds)
Bulk: consume large pieces of food. Have many adaptations for this. Most animals fall into this category
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Both contain a vacuole that gets rid of waste however, phagocytosis engulfs particles or food, and pinocytosis engulfs extracellular fluids containing proteins or other solutes.
What causes depolarization during an action potential?
Influx of sodium ions (Na⁺).
How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure and staining results?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane. Retains the crystal violet, appear purple under the microscope.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Crystal violet is easily washed out, take up safranin or fuchsine, appearing pink or red.
What is the endosymbiotic theory and what is the difference between the first and the second endosymbiotic event.
Endosymbiosis is a relationship between two species, where one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (host).
A eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into the mitochondria, this was the first event. The second event was when the early eukaryote consumed a photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts.
Describe the process of blood glucose regulation in the body, both to decrease and increase glucose. Be specific!
High blood sugar leads to insulin release by pancreas, in the liver it is produced to initiate glucose uptake and conversion into glycogen (glucose to glycogen), which can be stored in liver.
Low blood sugar leads to glucagon release, which once in the liver promotes the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose which can then raise blood sugar.