Nephrons
Water leaves the renal tubule by
a) active transport
b) filtration into the capillary network
c) osmosis
d) facilitated diffusion
e) symport
c) osmosis
Angiotensin II
A) causes vasoconstriction
B) stimulates aldosterone secretion
c) stimulates ADH secretion
d) increases the sensation of thirst
e) all of these are correct
e) all of these are correct
True or False?
Sodium is the most prevalent cation in the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments.
False. While Na+ is the most predominant in plasma and interstitial fluid (extracellular), K+ is the most predominant cation in intracellular fluid.
True or False: If blood pressure falls, blood flow to the kidneys is reduced, which increases activity of the renin– angiotensin–aldosterone-ADH system and, in turn, restores blood pressure to its original level.
True
Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?
a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
b. Glomerular blood pressure is too low.
c. Glomerular filtration rate is too low.
d. Glomerular blood flow is too slow.
a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
The amount of plasma that enters the Bowman capsule per minute is the
a) glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
b) renal plasma flow
c) renal fraction
d) renal blood flow
a) glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
An appropriate response to hypocalcemia would be:
a) increase calcitonin secretion
b) increase PTH secretion
c) decrease aldosterone secretion
d) inhibit ADH secretion
b) increase PTH secretion
Which of the following are the primary ions present in the extracellular fluid?
a. Na+, Cl–, and HCO3–
b. Na+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42–
c. Na+, K+, and HPO42–
d.none of the above
a. Na+, Cl–, and HCO3–
Buffers
a) release H+ when pH increases
b) resist changes in the pH of a solution
c) include the proteins of the blood
d) all of these are correct
d) all of these are correct
Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. juxtaglomerular apparatus
c. PCT
d. nephron loop
b. juxtaglomerular apparatus
The juxtaglomerular cells of the ________ and the macula densa cells of the __________ form the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
a) afferent arteriole; proximal convoluted tubule
b) afferent arteriole, distal convoluted tubule
c) efferent arteriole, proximal convoluted tubule
d) efferent arteriole, distal convoluted tubule
b) afferent arteriole, distal convoluted tubule
Which of these results in an increased blood Na+ concentration?
a) decrease in ADH secretion
b) decrease in aldosterone secretion
c) increase in ANH
d) decrease in renin secretion
a) decrease in ADH secretion
An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) _______ in H+ and a(n) _____________in blood pH.
a) increase, increase
b) increase, decrease
c) decrease, increase
d) decrease, decrease
b) increase, decrease
The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?
a. urogenital diaphragm
b. internal urethral sphincter
c. external urethral sphincter
d. coccygeus
c.external urethral sphincter
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
a) inadequate ventilation
b) untreated diabetes mellitus
c) too much aldosterone
d) hyperventilation
d) hyperventilation
Which of these conditions reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
a) elevated blood pressure
b) constriction of the afferent arterioles
c) decreased plasma protein in the glomerulus
d) dilation of the afferent arterioles
e) decreased capsular hydrostatic pressure
b) constriction of the afferent arterioles
Wayne’s cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to overstretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANH?
a. ANH release could cause a heart attack.
b. ANH blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone.
c. Water is conserved at the kidneys.
d. Blood volume and blood pressure increase.
b. ANH blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone.
High levels of bicarbonate ions in the urine indicate
a) a low level of H+ secretion into the urine
b) that the kidneys are causing blood pH to increase
c) that urine pH is decreasing
d) All of these are correct
a) a low level of H+ secretion into the urine
The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because _____.
a. the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs
b. the bottom of the loop of Henle; solutes are concentrated
c. the DCT; water diffuses out
d.the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes
b. the bottom of the loop of Henle; solutes are concentrated
Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
a. Urea is transported out of the tubule.
b. Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.
c. The thick ascending limb is permeable to water.
d. Both A and B are correct.
b. Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.
Which of the following structures are located in the renal cortex? Select all that apply.
Collecting ducts
Distal convoluted tubules
Papillary ducts
Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules, renal corpuscles, and proximal convoluted tubules.
A patient has the following symptoms: slight increase in extracellular fluid volume, large decrease in plasma sodium concentration, very concentrated urine, and cardiac filibration. An imbalance of what hormone is responsible for these symptoms? Are the symptoms caused by oversecretion or undersecretion of the hormone?
Imbalance of aldosterone, specifically a decrease in aldosterone.
(Decreased aldosterone leads to decreased sodium reabsorbtion; sodium is lost in the urine, leading to highly concentrated urine. Decreased potassium secretion into nephron also decreases, which leads to higher plasma potassium levels, which can affect the heart)
What are the three major ways to regulate H+ concentration? (systems or organs)
Buffer systems, respiratory system, and kidneys.
A patient with has low blood pH resulting from an injury that damaged his kidneys. Which of the following will help him compensate for this low pH?
A) increased respiration
B) increased HCO3 absorption
C) increased H+ secretion
D) All of these are correct.
E) Both a and b are correct.
A) Increased respiration
Respiratory system responds to low pH by increasing the rate of respiration.
(Assume damage to the kidneys has affect the nephron's ability to absorb and secrete HCO3 and H+)
Which of the following structures are located in the renal cortex? Select all that apply.
Collecting ducts
Distal convoluted tubules
Papillary ducts
Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules, renal corpuscles, and proximal convoluted tubules.