Cardiovascular
Which of these structures returns blood to the right atrium?
a) coronary sinus
b) inferior vena cava
c) superior vena cava
d) Both b and c are correct
e) all of these are correct
d) Both b and c are correct
True or False: Lymph nodes are an example of nonecapsulated tissue
False -- lymph nodes have a capsule/are encapsulated
The site of gas exchange with the lungs are the
a. bronchioles
b. alveolar ducts
c. alveoli
d. terminal sacs
c. alveoli
What is the purpose of mastication?
a) increasing surface area
b) break down starch
c) pushing food towards the pharynx
d) mixing food
a) increasing surface area
The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is covered with specialized cells called:
a. podocytes
b. fenestrations
c. hepatocytes
d. slits
a. podocytes
Comparing and contrasting arteries and veins, veins have
a) thicker walls
b) a greater amount of smooth muscle than arteries
c) a tunica media, but arteries do not
d) valves, but arteries do not
e) all of these are correct
d) valves, but arteries do not
What is the role of the complement system?
A. Secrete antibodies
B. Mark pathogens for destruction
C. Neutralize toxins directly
D. Inhibit cytokine release
B. Mark pathogens for destruction
The larynx
a) connects the oropharynx to the trachea
b) has three single and six paired cartilages
c) contains the vocal folds
d) contains the vestibular folds
e) all of these are correct
e) all of these are correct
Bile
a) is an important enzyme for the digestion of lipids
b) is made by the gallbladder
c) covers a chylomicron
d) emulsifies lipids
d) emulsifies lipids
Juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the secretion of
a) ADH
b) angiotensin
c) aldosterone
d) renin
d) renin
The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the proportional relationship between which of the following pairs?
a)Stroke volume and cardiac output
b)Stroke volume and end-diastolic volume
c)The blood volume in the ventricles and stroke volume
d)Systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume
c)The blood volume in the ventricles and stroke volume
What type of immunity is provided by vaccinations?
A. Natural active immunity
B. Natural passive immunity
C. Artificial active immunity
D. Artificial passive immunity
C. Artificial active immunity
Chemoreceptors detect an elevation in plasma CO2 concentration. Which of the following is the most likely response?
a. No change in the rate of respiration
b. Decreases in the rate of respiration
c. Increases in the rate of respiration
d. None of the above
c. Increases in the rate of respiration
Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive tract?
A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Jejunum
D. Colon
c) Jejunum
Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of
a. tubule secretion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. blood colloid osmotic pressure
d. blood hydrostatic pressure
d) blood hydrostatic pressure
Where can you find the sound of the tricuspid valve?
a)Second intercostal space, left sternal border
b)Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line
c)Second intercostal space, right sternal border
d)Fifth intercostal space, left sternal border
d)Fifth intercostal space, left sternal border
How do interferons increase resistance to viral infections?
a.They can respond immediately.
b.They recognize abnormal cells by the presence of unusual antigens.
c.They interfere with viral replication inside cells.
d.All of the above are correct.
c.They interfere with viral replication inside cells.
Which of the following correctly matches a gas law with its relevance to the respiratory system?
A. Boyle’s Law – Describes how the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
B. Dalton’s Law – States that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure during ventilation.
C. Henry’s Law – Explains how the pressure of a gas affects its solubility in a liquid, important for gas exchange in alveoli.
D. Charles’ Law – Explains the diffusion of gases across respiratory membranes.
C. Henry’s Law – Explains how the pressure of a gas affects its solubility in a liquid, important for gas exchange in alveoli.
What does a fat droplet turn into after lipase hydrolyzes it?
a) fat globules
b) chylomicron
c) micelles
d) chyle
c) micelles
Why does the osmolarity of tubular fluid decrease as it passes through the ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
A) The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to solutes.
B) The distal convoluted tubule is much more permeable to water than to solutes.
C) If ADH levels are low, the collecting ducts reabsorb large quantities of water.
D) If ADH levels are low, the collecting ducts reabsorb large quantities of solute.
E) The ascending Loop of Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubule reabsorb solutes and dilute the fluid entering the collecting ducts.
E) The ascending Loop of Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubule reabsorb solutes and dilute the fluid entering the collecting ducts.
What contributions from the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways help form the enzyme complex necessary to begin the Common Pathway?
a.Factors VIII and IX from the Extrinsic Pathway; Factor VII from the Intrinsic Pathway
b.Factor III from the Extrinsic Pathway; Factor XII from the Intrinsic Pathway
c.Factors III and VII from the Extrinsic Pathway; Factors VIII and IX from the Intrinsic Pathway
d.None of the above
c. Factors III and VII from the Extrinsic Pathway; Factors VIII and IX from the Intrinsic Pathway
Why is having both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity integral to a healthy immune system?
a.T cells defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells, while B cells defend against antigens in body fluids.
b.Cell-mediated immunity is genetically determined, while antibody-mediated immunity is acquired.
c.Cell-mediated immunity is “specific,” while antibody-mediated immunity is “nonspecific.”
d.None of the above is correct.
a. T cells defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells, while B cells defend against antigens in body fluids.
What effect do increased levels of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) have on hemoglobin (Hb)?
A. They increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, making it hold oxygen more tightly.
B. They decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.
C. They have no effect on hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding capacity.
D. They convert hemoglobin into its fetal form for improved oxygen binding.
B. They decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.
Which of these stomach cell types is not correctly matched with its function?
A) surface mucous cells: produce mucus
B) parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid
C) chief cells: produce intrinsic factor
D) endocrine cells: produce regulatory hormones
C) chief cells: produce intrinsic factor
How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?
a.decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
b.decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration
c.increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
d.increase volume; increase osmotic concentration
c.increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration