Intro to Physio
Cell Physio
Neurobiology
Systems Neuro
Random
100
What is the ability of a phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions known as?
phenotypic plasticity
100
What type of membrane junction is found in epithelial cells and forms an impermeable barrier?
Tight junctions
100
On what part of the neuron do graded potentials summate?
The axon hillock
100
What is a bundle of axons in the brain referred to as?
A tract
100
The influx of what ion facilitates neurotransmitter release?
Ca2+
200
Are endotherms conformers or regulators?
Regulators
Why?:
Endotherms maintain homeostasis within a zone of stability, where their internal environment stays relatively stable.
Ectotherms are conformers, whose internal environment changes at the same rate as the external environment.
200
What type of transport is osmosis?
Active transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Why?
Water uses aquaporins (channels) to move from areas of low [solutes] to high [solutes].
This type of transport is passive (does not use metabolic energy/ATP).
Since it is a polar molecule, water cannot pass through via simple diffusion (excluded by hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the plasma membrane).
200
What feature of voltage gated Na+ channels ensures unidirectional propagation of action potentials?
The inactivation gate
200
Which of the cranial meninges is the weblike middle layer?
Arachnoid mater
200
Do action potentials occur at the nodes of Ranvier or the internodes of an axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
*myelin sheath covers the internodes to force electronic speed through them.
300
What type of feedback mechanism is blood clotting an example of?
Positive feedback
Why?:
The product of the response leads to an increase in that response.
As platelets aggregate to the site of the ruptured blood vessel, they release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site until the vessel is sealed.
300
A freshwater fish is transferred to a marine environment with high levels of salinity.
What type of solution is the marine water? Predict what will happen to the fish’s cells.
The marine water is hyperosmotic to the fish’s cells. Therefore, water will leave the fish cells to move from low [salt] to high [salt], causing these cells to shrink.
300
A very strong stimulus occurs during the absolute refractory period of a neuron. Will an action potential be triggered?
No
300
Is the gray matter located on the exterior or interior of the spinal cord?
Interior
300
What effect will increasing the diameter of an axon have on the conduction speed of the action potential?
It will increase the AP conduction speed
400
An individual salmon adapts to changing salinity levels as it migrates from freshwater to saltwater
Is this an example of adaptation, acclimation, or acclimatization?
Acclimatization
Why?:
This is a change in the lifetime of an individual salmon, not an evolutionary change within a population, so it is NOT an example of adaptation.
The conditions are not controlled in a laboratory setting, so it is NOT an example of acclimation.
400
When the stereocilia on hair cells are deflected, they open ion channels that allow ions to flow into the cell and generate an electrical response.
What type of gated channel does the hair cell utilize?
Mechanically-gated channels
Why?:
These channels are regulated by a physical change (movement of stereocilia)
400
Which type of synapse utilizes a gap junction?
Electrical synapse
Chemical synapse
Electrical synapse
400
You step on a pin and your leg muscle contracts and withdraws. Is this likely a simple or complex reflex arc? Does it involve an interneuron?
It is likely a complex reflex arc, which involves an interneuron.
400
A person suffers a brain injury resulting in difficulty initiating motor movement. Once initiated, however, the person is able to move. What area of the brain did this person most likely suffer damage to?
The premotor cortex
*damage to the primary motor cortex will likely result in paralysis
500
How is the structure, or morphology, of an herbivore’s digestive system related to its function, or physiology?
Herbivores have a much longer digestive system and cecum than do carnivores, which enables them to digest the cellulose in their plant-based diet.
500
What type of transport is the Na+/ glucose symport an example of?
Secondary active transport
500
A receptor binds to a neurotransmitter and activates adenylyl cyclase. As a result, cAMP levels increase in the cell. Is this most likely a metabotropic or ionotropic receptor?
Metabotropic (likely a G protein-coupled receptor that activates a second messenger)
500
Which area of the brain is it most deadly to suffer damage to?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Hindbrain
Why?:
The hindbrain supports basic functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure, which are required to sustain life.
500
During a fight or flight response, will more or less glucose be released from the liver?
More
*this is a sympathetic nervous system response