ACID–BASE BALANCE
This is the major buffer system found in blood.
What is the bicarbonate buffer system?
This part of this gland releases epinephrine during the fight-or-flight response.
adrenal medulla
Air enters the lungs because this pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
This is the first step in urine formation.
What is glomerular filtration?
This enzyme is released from juxtaglomerular cells when blood pressure decreases.
What is renin?
Carbonic acid dissociates into these two products.
What are bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
This part of the brain serves as the primary integrator of the endocrine system.
What is the hypothalamus?
Air leaves the lungs because this pressure rises above atmospheric pressure.
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
These are the three basic processes involved in urine formation.
What are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
This hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.
What is aldosterone?
This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid.
What is carbonic anhydrase?
The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses directly to this endocrine gland.
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in this form.
What is bicarbonate ion?
These two nephron segments are responsible for the greatest changes in urine osmolarity.
What are the Loop of Henle and collecting duct?
This hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
The kidneys help regulate blood pH by secreting this ion into the urine.
What are hydrogen ions (H⁺)?
This layer of the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone when blood pressure falls.
What is the zona glomerulosa?
These receptors detect elevated carbon dioxide by sensing increased hydrogen ions in the cerebrospinal fluid.
What are central chemoreceptors?
This nephron segment establishes the medullary osmotic gradient by actively transporting sodium.
What is the ascending loop of Henle?
Increasing this pressure increases glomerular filtration rate.
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?
The kidneys also help regulate blood pH by producing and reabsorbing this important buffer.
What is bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)?
This adrenal cortex layer responds primarily to ACTH by releasing cortisol during long-term stress.
What is the zona fasciculata?
Breathing into a paper bag helps reverse hyperventilation because it increases this gas in the blood.
What is carbon dioxide?
Macula densa cells detect increased sodium chloride in the filtrate and respond by doing this to the afferent arteriole.
What is constricting the afferent arteriole?
When mean arterial pressure falls below approximately 55 mmHg, this kidney process essentially stops.
What is glomerular filtration?