Biomolecules
These molecules, such as glucose and sucrose, are the primary source of short-term energy for most organisms.
What are Carbohydrates
This rigid outer layer, found in plants and fungi but not animals, provides structural support and protection.
What is Cell Wall
This type of transport moves substances across the membrane without the use of cellular energy.
What is Passive Transport
These are the two primary raw materials (reactants) needed for photosynthesis to occur.
What is Water and Carbon Dioxide
This first step of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.
What is Glycolysis
This is the process of dividing the cytoplasm, which occurs immediately after mitosis is complete.
What is Cytokinesis?
This is the monomer of a nucleic acid, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is a Nucleotide
Known as the "powerhouse," this organelle is the site where the majority of ATP is produced.
What is the Mitochondria
This is the process by which a cell takes in large particles by engulfing them in a vesicle.
What is Endocytosis
This cycle occurs in the stroma and uses ATP and NADPH to convert Carbon Dioxide into glucose.
What is the Calvin Cycle (or Light Independent Reactions)
This gas is required for the aerobic stages of respiration and acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
What is Oxygen
During this phase of mitosis, chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.
What is Metaphase
Chains of this molecule make up the primary structure of a protein
What is Amino Acid
These small, non-membrane bound structures are the site of protein synthesis and can be found free-floating or attached to the ER.
What are Ribosomes
These specific proteins act as "tunnels" to allow large or polar molecules to pass through the lipid bilayer during facilitated diffusion.
What are Channel (or Membrane-Spanning, or Transmembrane) Proteins
During the light-dependent reactions, this molecule is split to provide electrons, releasing oxygen gas as a byproduct.
What is Water
Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, this stage occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces NADH, FADH2, and CO2
What is the Krebs Cycle (or Citric Acid Cycle)
These structures, produced by centrioles, attach to the centromeres of chromosomes to pull them apart.
What are Spindle Fibers?
Unlike saturated fats, these lipids contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid tails, making them liquid at room temperature.
What are Unsaturated Fats
This organelle contains digestive enzymes used to break down macromolecules, old organelles, and foreign invaders.
What is a Lysosome?
The Sodium-Potassium pump is a classic example of this, moving ions against their concentration gradient.
What is Active Transport
This enzyme is responsible for "fixing" carbon from the atmosphere into an organic molecule during the first step of the Calvin Cycle.
What is RuBisCo
This is the specific name of the protein complex that uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP.
What is ATP Synthase
DNA replication occurs during this specific sub-phase of Interphase.
What is S Phase (Synthesis)
This specific chemical reaction occurs when two monomers break apart, using a molecule of water in the process.
What is a Hydrolysis Reaction
This network of protein fibers, consisting of microtubules and microfilaments, helps the cell maintain its shape and move organelles.
What is Cytoskeleton?
This term describes the state of a plant cell when it is in a hypotonic environment and the central vacuole is full, pushing against the cell wall.
What is Turgor Pressure
These are the two products of the light reactions that provide the chemical energy and reducing power for the dark reactions.
What are ATP and NADPH
During the Electron Transport Chain, protons (H+ ions) are pumped into this specific area of the mitochondria to create a concentration gradient.
What is Intermembrane Space
The presence of this structure indicates that a plant cell is going through cytokinesis
What is a Cell Plate