CRISPR and Gene expression
What is CRISPR-CAS9 used for in some bacteria
A bacterial immune response that cuts and degrades viral DNA of bacteriophages.
Answers that mention a bacterial immune response and degradation is accepted.
What is photosynthesis? and what cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis is a reaction that converts H2O, CO2, and light energy into glucose.
Cellular respiration turns the glucose into useable energy for the plant cell.
Which cell releases histamine and has an MHCII marker?
Mast cells.
What mutation causes the gene to stop prematurely?
A nonsense mutation.
Jeremy performs an experiment, and finds that ampicillin creates a bigger zone of inhibition. This is an example of:
A. An opinion
B. An Anecdote
C. Empirical evidence
C
What happens to viral DNA, after it has been cut by CAS1 and 2?
It becomes integrated into the CRISPR locus as a memory for future infections.
what is the output for glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH.
dequavious wants to see the rate of photosynthesis between different plants from the production of oxygen in a controlled environment.
What is the dependent variable?
The production of oxygen.
What are coenzymes? And what are the coenzymes for cellular respiration?
Coenzymes are molecules that bind to enzymes to help assist,facilitate, and accelerate chemical reactions by acting as carriers for electrons.
NAD+ and FAD
Haemoglobin has a quaternary structure. Describe the four hierarchial levels.
Primary Structure - Linear sequence on amino acids
Secondary Structure - Folding or coiling of proteins, forming either an "alpha helix, beta pleated sheets, or a random coil".
Tertiary - A polypeptide is formed from multiple "" and enzymes help folding process of larger proteins
Quaternary - Two or more polypeptide chains interact to form a protein.
Why is mtDNA more reliable to track relatedness than nDNA? provide atleast 2 answers
- There's no recombination. (it is only maternally inherited.sperm tail with mitochondria does not reach the egg, allowing to track heritage)
- It has a higher mutation rate than nDNA (easier to track relatedness in species)
- Intrinsic ability to resist degration and hugh copy number inside cells.
What are the 5 ethical concepts of biology? (Must provide a brief description)
Integrity - commitment to honesty
Justice - Fairness and equality
Beneficence - Maximising benefits
Non-Maleficence - avoid causing harm
Respect - value of living things