Cellular respiration
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
Answer: To produce ATP energy from food molecules.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Answer: Nephron.
What is muscle fatigue?
Answer: A condition where muscles tire and lose their ability to contract effectively, often due to lactic acid buildup.
What are the primary functions of the kidneys in the human body?
The kidneys filter blood to remove toxins, maintain fluid balance, and produce urine
What is pyelonephritis?
Answer: Pyelonephritis is an inflammation and painful swelling of the kidneys caused by a bacterial infection.
What are the end products of aerobic respiration, and how many ATP molecules does it produce?
Answer: CO₂, H₂O, and ~32 ATP.
What are the two main functions of the kidneys?
Answer: Filtering blood and making urine.
Why does the heart never get tired?
Answer: The heart has its own blood vessels that provide it with a constant supply of oxygen, preventing lactic acid buildup.
What happens when kidney function is impaired?
Answer: The body cannot remove wastes, disrupting homeostasis.
What are kidney stones made of?
Answer: Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts.
Name the two types of anaerobic respiration and one example of their use in everyday life.
Answer: Alcoholic fermentation – used in baking and brewing; Lactic acid fermentation – used in yogurt production
What is the primary role of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?
Answer: Filtration of blood to separate small molecules like glucose, minerals, and urea from larger molecules like proteins and blood cells.
What happens to muscles when they are not used regularly?
If muscles are not used, they become smaller and weaker. So, organism uses more energy to do little things.
What effect does cold weather have on kidney function?
Answer: Cold weather reduces circulation to extremities, increases blood pressure, and prompts the kidneys to excrete more water through urine to lower blood pressure.
How does the water requirement for excretion vary among ammonia, urea, and uric acid?
Answer: Ammonia requires about 500 ml of water per gram, urea requires 50 ml, and uric acid requires only 1 ml of water.
What would happen to an organism’s ability to generate energy if its mitochondria were damaged?l
Aerobic respiration would stop or be significantly reduced, leading to reliance on less efficient anaerobic pathways.
How much filtrate is formed daily in the kidneys, and how much urine is typically produced?
Answer: 180 liters of filtrate is formed, and approximately 1.5 liters of urine is produced.
How does anaerobic respiration contribute to muscle fatigue?
Answer: It produces lactic acid, which accumulates in muscles, causing tiredness and pain.
What are two common diseases that can cause kidney failure?
Answer: Diabetes and high blood pressure.
What factors can cause enuresis (bedwetting)?
Answer: Causes include a small bladder, infections, deep sleep, or severe stress.
During intense exercise, why do muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration, and what are the consequences?
Answer: Oxygen supply is insufficient, forcing the use of anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP and causes lactic acid buildup, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness.
Explain how the nephron reabsorbs useful substances and why this is essential for the body.
Answer: Useful substances like water, glucose, and salts are reabsorbed into the capillaries surrounding the renal tubules to prevent dehydration and maintain electrolyte balance.
What happens to lactic acid after physical activity stops?
Answer: It is transported to the liver, where it is converted into usable organic substances.
bonus question
boooonnnnnusssssssss
Why is ammonia considered a toxic nitrogenous waste?
Answer: Ammonia is highly toxic and requires large amounts of water for immediate excretion.