bacteria
Explain three modes of genetic transfer in bacteria
Transformation- the uptake of DNA from the environment
Conjugation- pili pulls bacteria together, plasmid is replicated into other bacteria
Transduction- involves bacteriophages, inject their DNA into the bacteria which then injects mixed DNA into other bacteria
know the parts of bacteria (10)
DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, pili, fimbriae, flagella, plasmid, cell wall, and capsule.
Don't reproduce on their own, don't need or use energy, aren't made of cells.
Virus anatomy (2 musts, 1 sometimes)
-DNA or RNA
-Capsid
-sometimes envelope
Rhinovirus
results
no envelope
attacks cells along the respiratory tract (ICAM-1 & LDLR)
Explain how a bacteria replicates
Binary fission
- replicate the circular DNA, move to opposite ends, bacteria, splits into two
pili
Long projections on the bacteria, assist in transfer of DNA between bacteria
What are bacteriophages?
virus that infects bacteria
how does a virus infect?
Hijacks the host cell in transcription/translation process to create more viruses
components of CNS & PNS
CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves
Plasmid
Circular portion of DNA
carry out genetic advantages, antibiotic resistance
Fimbriae
Shorter projection, assist in attachment to surfaces/substances
How do vaccines work?
The body is exposed to a weakend
The bodies immune system makes antibodies to attack pathogen
when exposed again, body will be prepared with antibodies.
Covid-19
Targets ACE-2 (airway cells in trachea)
carries RNA, translated into more viruses in Ribosomes
capsule
extra wall outside of cell wall, protection/prevents desiccation (drying out)
Ebola
results
Enters through mucous membrane/breaks in the skin
results in hemorrhaging & multiorgan failure.
Rabies
results
Enters through the neurons & travels through the neurons/nervous system, reaches spinal cord and progresses into brain
results in neurological/brain damage
cell wall
extra layer of protection, holds shape of bacteria
HIV
Deadliest virus
infiltrates CD4 cells
Hepatitus
results
targets hepatocytes (liver cells), spreads through bodily fluids
results in inflammation, liver failure/ disease, and scarring (cirrhosis)