Homeostasis
What process moves solute particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without using cellular energy?
Diffusion
Which monomer corresponds to carbohydrates and is the primary energy source for cells?
Glucose
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system that transmits signals?
Neurons
Which two organelles are present in both plant and animal eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotes: nucleus and ______?
Mitochondria
all cell types share a common organelle essential for life. Name that component.
Cell Membrane
When blood glucose is high, which hormone is released by the pancreas as part of a negative feedback mechanism?
Insulin
Which element set is present in all the compounds glucose, galactose, and lactose.
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for balance and coordination
Cerebellum
name one structure that indicates Cell Type 2 is a plant cell.
Presence of chloroplast (and cell wall, large central vacuole)
Which macromolecule monomer from the word bank (amino acid, glucose, nucleotide) would be produced by digestion of proteins?
Amino acid
Identify whether the following describes passive or active transport: moving ions from low concentration to high concentration using ATP.
Active Transport
Name the monomer for nucleic acids and list its three basic parts.
Nucleotide: nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Identify and briefly describe three main structural parts of a neuron (include the role of each in signal transmission).
Dendrite (receives signals), cell body/soma (processes information), axon (conducts action potentials to synapse).
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by listing two features unique to prokaryotes and two features unique to eukaryotes.
Prokaryote features: nucleoid (no nucleus), plasmids/flagella/capsule sometimes; Eukaryote features: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts), compartmentalization.
If solute concentration is higher outside the cell, which direction is the net movement of solute and why?
Into the cell (net movement into cell) until equilibrium is reached because diffusion moves solute from high to low concentration.
A student's model shows the pupil constricting in bright light. Explain briefly how the nervous system produces this rapid response (include which branch of the autonomic system is involved).
The brain processes sensory input and triggers the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic or sympathetic adjustments; pupillary constriction in bright light is via the parasympathetic branch) to adjust pupil size quickly.
Explain how enzyme structure relates to function and what can cause an enzyme to lose activity
Enzyme active site fits substrate; denaturation (high temperature, extreme pH) and inhibitors can reduce activity.
Describe the hierarchical organization from neuron to nervous system.
Neuron → nerve tissue → brain (or spinal cord) → nervous system.
A muscle cell needs large amounts of ATP. Which organelle would you expect to find in higher numbers in muscle cells, and why?
Mitochondria, because they produce ATP
which brain part helps regulate heart rate and breathing: cerebrum, cerebellum, or brainstem?
Brainstem regulates autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
Describe two ways cells maintain homeostasis involving membrane transport and one example of a feedback system at the organ-system level (name the system and the components involved).
Membrane transport: diffusion (small, nonpolar molecules) and facilitated diffusion (via protein channels) maintain concentrations; feedback system: blood glucose regulation — pancreas (beta cells release insulin) → blood glucose decreases → liver & muscle take up glucose.
A chemist isolates a macromolecule whose monomers are all identical and composed only of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Which macromolecule type is this most likely to be (protein, nucelic acid, lipid, carbohydrate)
Likely a carbohydrate (polysaccharide like glycogen) because identical monomers of C, H, O indicate sugar polymers used for energy storage.
Explain how a signal travels from sensory input to a voluntary muscle response (include neurons and relevant brain/spinal regions in your explanation).
Sensory receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → brain (motor cortex) → motor neuron → skeletal muscle
Describe how cell specialization contributes to the functioning of a human organ system (choose one system and give a concrete example linking cell structure to function).
Sample: Digestive system — intestinal epithelial cells specialized with microvilli increase surface area for absorption; structure (microvilli) relates to function (nutrient uptake).
how do diffusion and active transport differ.
Active transport requires energy and moves molecules from a low concentration to high concentration. Diffusion moves molecules from a high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy.