Cellular respiration
What are the four stages?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
What are the three stages of glycolysis?
Preparatory, cleavage, payoff
Pyruvate oxidation reactions occur in the ____ ____
Mitochondrial matrix
What happens when oxygen is not available?
Fermentation
How do glucose molecules enter directly?
Glycolysis
Where does stage 1 occur?
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis is an _____ process because no oxygen is consumed.
Anaerobic
At the end of glycolysis, there are how many molecules of pyruvate?
Two
What type of fermentation occurs in plants and fungi?
Ethanol
What can glucose be used for in excess?
Where do the other three stages occur?
Mitochondria
After glycolysis, there is a net gain of ___ ATP
Two
The oxidation of acetylCoA produces the _____ we exhale
CO2
True or false, when life first evolved, the atmosphere contained no oxygen?
True
What cells tore and use glycogen for ATP to power contraction?
Muscle cells
The energy stored in glucose is harnessed in ____ ____ as glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide.
Electron carriers
Phase three produces two ____
NADH
What acts as the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
What is respiration in the absence of oxygen known as?
Anaerobic
What organ stores glycogen for the whole body?
Liver
Oxidation is ____ of electrons
Reduction is ____ of electrons
Loss, gain
Phase thee will produce ____ ATP
Four
Potential energy stored in the proton gradient is converted to mechanical energy as protons...
Move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
What is an example of the final electron acceptor that cellular respiration needs in the absence of oxygen?
Nitrate or sulfate
Fatty acids