Atoms, Ions, Molecules
What is the "smallest particle of all matter"?
atoms
What type of bond holds one water molecule to another?
Hydrogen bond
What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up?
Catalyst (enzyme)
Which two properties of water allows it to climb up the thin tubes of plants (capillary action)?
Cohesion and adhesion
When an atom gains or loses an electron, what does it become?
An ion
Water sticking to other water molecules is called what?
Cohesion
Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
The reactants that bind to an enzyme are called what?
Substrates
Which macromolecule makes up most of cell membranes?
Lipids (phospholipids)
What type of bond forms when atoms share electrons?
Covalent bond
Why does ice float on liquid water?
Ice is less dense because water molecules form stable hydrogen bonds that spread molecules apart.
Which macromolecule is the main source of quick energy?
Carbohydrates
What is the effect of high temperatures on enzymes?
They denature (lose their shape and function).
In sodium chloride (NaCl), the sodium atom transfers one of its electrons and donates it to the chlorine atom to give it a full outer shell. What type of bond does this represent?
Ionic Bond
Water is a polar molecule. What does "polar" mean in this context?
It has unequal sharing of electrons, creating slight charges (partial positive and negative ends).
What property of water allows it to absorb a lot of heat without a big change in temperature?
High specific heat
What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?
Peptide bond
What is activation energy?
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
If you have a pH of 3 is that an acid or a base?
Acid
Explain why all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. Give an example of each to support your explanation.
A molecule is two or more atoms covalently bonded together, which can be the same element (ex: O₂). A compound is a molecule made of different elements bonded together (ex: H₂O). Therefore, all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules (like O₂) are compounds.
In a koolaid solution what is the solute and what is the solvent?
Solute: koolaid
Solvent: water
Carbohydrates are composed of what elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Enzyme activity can be affected by three major factors. Name two of them.
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?
Endothermic absorbs energy, exothermic releases energy.