Cell Size
once cells reach their size limitations what must happen?
die or divide
what are the three phases of the cell cycle?
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
what are the stages of mitosis in oder
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
what two things have to bind so the cell can pass through each checkpoint
CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) and cyclins
CDK (enzyme) cyclins (proteins)
define cancer
abnormal cell growth
when looking at a cell what is the surface area represented by
cell membrane
What are the three phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
when do the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
metaphase
where are the 3 checkpoints we discussed in class
what are the two stem cell types
adult and embryonic
when looking at the cell what is volume represented by
everything inside the cell
DNA replication
what happens in anaphase
chromosomes are pulled in half and move to opposite ends of the cell (poles)
what is the cell checking for at the G1 checkpoitn
make sure the cell is big enough, and has enough energy
define apoptosis
programmed cell death
what are two reasons cells must remain small?
1- easier to transport substances
2-easier to communicate
what occurs in G1 (must name all)
1- cell carries out all cellular functions
2- cell grows
what 3 happen in prophase
1- nuclear membrane disappears
2- chromatin condenses to chromosomes
3- spindle fibers form from centrioles
what is the cell chekcing for at the M checkpoint
making sure the spindle fibers are attached to the chromosomes
what is the benefit of embryonic stem cells
they can become any cell type
by remaining small cells have a ___ ratio of surface area to volume ratio
higher
What is occuring in G2
1- cell grows
2- cell prepares for mitosis
what 3 things are occuring in telophase
1- chromosomes decondense to chromatin
2- nuclear envelope reappears
3- spindle fibers disappear
what is the cell checking for at the S checkpoint
making sure the DNA replicated correctly
why is apoptosis important
destroys old and damaged cells