Biochemistry, P.of h20, Macro, Enzymes DNA
A student designed an experiment to test how fertilizer affects the growth of a tomato plant. She applied different amounts of fertilizer to different tomato plants and made observations. All the other variables were held constant. Which data should the student use to determine the effectiveness of the fertilizer?
A. the height of each plant
B. the color of the soil in each pot
C. the amount of water in each pot
D. the amount of sunlight each plant received
A. the height of each plant
In the human body, when a tissue becomes damaged, it is usually replaced with scar tissue. The liver is a unique organ because it is able to regenerate tissue if it becomes damaged. Which principle from the cell theory supports this finding?
A. Cells are created by free-cell formation.
B. Cells generate more cells during cell division.
C. Existing cells are produced by other living cells.
D. Cells communicate with each other and produce special chemical messengers to repair tissue.
C. Existing cells are produced by other living cells.
The reproductive system is a collection of specialized organs, glands, and hormones that help to produce a new human being. Which male reproductive structure holds the sperm as it matures?
Epididymis
Whales, humans, lizards, and birds each have forelimbs that are adapted for different functions, including swimming, using tools, walking, and flying. While different in function, these forelimbs share a similar skeletal structure of the humerus, radius, and ulna.
How does a comparison of the forelimbs of these organisms provide evidence for evolution?
A. These homologous structures indicate that these four organisms all share a common ancestor.
B. These analogous structures indicate that whales are descended from organisms that lived on land.
C. These analogous structures indicate that these four organisms all experienced convergent evolution.
D. These homologous structures indicate that humans, whales, and birds all evolved from a lineage of lizards.
A. These homologous structures indicate that these four organisms all share a common ancestor.
Many people have received the measles vaccine so that they will be protected from getting the measles, which can be very serious or even fatal. How does receiving a measles vaccine help to protect a person from getting the measles?
A. The vaccine prevents the virus that causes the measles from entering the body.
B. The vaccine inserts genes into body cells to fight the virus that causes the measles.
C. The vaccine adds a chemical to the body that is poisonous to the virus that causes the measles.
D. The vaccine causes the immune system to produce antibodies to the virus that causes the measles.
D. The vaccine causes the immune system to produce antibodies to the virus that causes the measles.
Water is often found as a part of a mixture. A mixture is a material that is composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. Which property of water allows for it to be a part of many mixtures?
a. cohesive behavior
b. versatility as a solvent
c. expansion upon freezing
d. ability to moderate temperature
b. versatility as a solvent
Why is the vacuole in a plant cell larger than a vacuole in an animal cell?
A. The vacuole in the plant cell produces ribosomes and transport RNA (tRNA).
B. The vacuole in the plant cell is the location of DNA and controls cellular activities.
C. The vacuole in the plant cell performs photosynthesis and must absorb solar energy.
D. The vacuole in the plant cell is the storage location for water and some waste materials.
D. The vacuole in the plant cell is the storage location for water and some waste materials.
Mitosis and meiosis are both processes involved in reproduction. Which statement correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?
A. Mitosis and meiosis both produce genetic variation within their daughter cells.
B. Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells and meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.
C. Mitosis and meiosis are both divided into only four distinct phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and interphase.
D. Mitosis results in the production of two genetically unique diploid cells and meiosis produces four genetically identical haploid cells.
B. Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells and meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.
Jemma and her friends Adrian, Dwayne, and Sarah are discussing natural selection. Which of their statements is correct?
A. Jemma says that natural selection involves only organisms who strive to be perfectly adapted to their environment, winning the survival of the fittest.
B. Sarah says that natural selection involves organisms overproducing offspring with variable inherited traits who compete for resources in the struggle for survival.
C. Dwayne says that natural selection involves organisms gaining the exact characteristics required at that time to win the struggle for existence in their environment.
D. Adrian says that natural selection involves organisms producing mutations in response to changes in the environment which enable them to live long enough to produce offspring.
B. Sarah says that natural selection involves organisms overproducing offspring with variable inherited traits who compete for resources in the struggle for survival.
A doctor prescribes a blood thinner to a patient with high blood pressure. What impact will this medication have on blood flow and viscosity?
A. The blood flow will decrease and the viscosity will decrease.
B. The blood flow will decrease and the viscosity will increase
C. The blood flow will increase and the viscosity will decrease.
D. The blood flow will increase and the viscosity will increase.
C. The blood flow will increase and the viscosity will decrease.
All living organisms break down sugars to obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration may take place in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). Which of these equations shows anaerobic cellular respiration?
A. glucose + lactose → oxygen + water
B. glucose → lactic acid + water + carbon dioxide
C. glucose + ethyl alcohol → carbon dioxide + energy
D. carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen + water + energy
B. glucose → lactic acid + water + carbon dioxide
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have cell structures in common.
Which of the following is not an organelle that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?
A. Ribosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. cytoplasm
D. cell membrane
B. Golgi apparatus
Scientists insert a gene from a firefly into the genome of certain bacterial species. When these bacteria are placed into tobacco plants and exposed to certain conditions, the plants will glow. Tobacco plants without the bacteria do not glow. Which conclusion is best supported by this experiment?
A. Tobacco plants lack the ability to translate the genetic code of firefly gene.
B. The firefly and tobacco plant have a recent common ancestor.
C. The bacteria transferred light-producing genes to the plant.
D. The firefly and bacteria share a common genetic code.
D. The firefly and bacteria share a common genetic code
The earliest hominid fossil, “Lucy,” is estimated to be 3.2 million years old. This early human-like species shares an important characteristic with modern humans: bipedalism. Which of the following would favor the selection of bipedal posture over quadrupedal posture?
A. Bipedal posture allowed for greater mobility in the tree canopy.
B. Bipedal posture allowed arms to be free for carrying food or water.
C. Bipedal posture allowed for an increase in hominid brain and jaw size.
D. Bipedal posture allowed a greater number of offspring to be produced in hominids.
B. Bipedal posture allowed arms to be free for carrying food or water.
Xeriscaping is a landscaping practice that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental watering. What would be the environmental impact on Florida if more people used xeriscaping in their yards?
A. Homeowners would see a decrease in their water bill.
B. Sprinkler companies could reduce the number of employees.
C. Less strain would be placed on aquifer groundwater consumption.
D. Garden supply stores would have to order a different plant assortment.
C. Less strain would be placed on aquifer groundwater consumption.
An organic chemist is studying a sample of a macromolecule. The compound has carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in its structure. The physical properties of the compound show it behaving in a hydrophobic fashion. When placed in a calorimeter, it appears to have a high energy storage capacity. Which of the four types of biological macromolecules was the scientist most likely studying?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
B. lipids
Terrestrial plants require water to function as a reactant for the formation of glucose, C 6H 12O 6. Plants absorb this water through their roots. A portion of this water will exit the plant through the stomata during the process of transpiration. Which of the following tissues is capable of moving this molecule through the plant?
A. dermal
B. ground
C. meristematic
D. vascular
D. vascular
When red carnations are crossed with white carnations, the resulting flowers are pink. Pink carnations are an example of what type of inheritance pattern?
A. incomplete dominance
B. recessive alleles
C. dominant alleles
D. codominance
A. incomplete dominance
Fossil fuels are commonly used as an energy source for transportation vehicles. Burning fossil fuels has led to more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and dissolved in seawater. Which of the following describes how burning fossil fuels is most likely to impact marine organisms?
a. Increased levels of carbon dioxide in seawater would increase the rate of photosynthesis in marine plants.
b. Dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater would cause an increase in shellfish populations due to strengthened skeletons.
c. Increase levels of carbon dioxide in seawater would cause ocean acidification and weaken corals.
d. Dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater would cause invasive species to out-compete native species.
c. Increase levels of carbon dioxide in seawater would cause ocean acidification and weaken corals.
In order to maintain the world’s food supplies, scientists have developed crops that are resistant to certain bacteria and fungi. The DNA of these crops allows them to be less attractive to certain pests. Which statement describes an argument against using bioengineered-modified crops?
A. Increased use of engineered crops leads to a loss of genetic diversity.
B. Crops resistant to pests and weeds allow farmers to use fewer chemicals.
C. Weather-resistant crops can be grown in areas prone to floods or drought.
D. A large number of nutrient-dense crops can be grown for global food shortages.
A. Increased use of engineered crops leads to a loss of genetic diversity.
Which of the following statements describes how the body utilizes the monosaccharide (carbohydrate/simple sugars)and others in its class of macromolecules?
A. Sugars are broken down to build proteins that become parts of the body’s cells, tissues, and structures.
B. Carbohydrates are formed from sugars, which are chemically bound together to form fats that store energy.
C. Various types of carbohydrates contribute to a supply of glucose, which is metabolized to provide quick energy.
D. Glucose is the product made from the breakdown of complex carbohydrates, and it is used to form membranes.
B. Carbohydrates are formed from sugars, which are chemically bound together to form fats that store energy.
Different types of cells in the body have different growth patterns. The length of time a cell spends in division and how often division occurs depends on the type of cell. Researchers have discovered that in some cases mutations in genes within the cell can impact that cell’s growth and division.
How might a mutation in these genes produce cancer?
A. Uncontrolled cell division could result in tumor formation.
B. Mutated genes could result in the wrong cells being produced.
C. Mutated genes could result in no new cells being able to grow.
D. Uncontrolled cell division could result in the abnormal merging of cells.
A. Uncontrolled cell division could result in tumor formation.
Below is a pedigree for colorblindness, an X-linked recessive trait.
What are the genotypes of the parents in generation 1?
A. XBXB and XBY
B. XBXb and XBY
C. XBXb and XbY
D. XbXb and XbY
B. XBXb and XBY
In the 1970's, Dr. Lynn Margulis proposed the theory of endosymbiosis which is based on her observations of the similarities between prokaryotes and certain organelles. How did these observations aid in the development of the scientific explanation of the origin of life on Earth?
A. They suggest that microbes have changed the composition of the atmosphere.
B. They propose that RNA is the earliest form of genetic material.
C. They provide a method for evolution of complex organisms.
D. They explain how mitosis first occurred.
C. They provide a method for evolution of complex organisms.
According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in the United States. It makes up nearly 38 percent of the top ten types of cancer diagnosed among women.
Which of these statements may best be used to describe the risk factors for the disease?
A. A person must have a family history of breast cancer in order to develop the disease.
B. There is no chance that a person will develop breast cancer if smoking, alcohol use, and poor diet are avoided.
C. By changing environmental factors, a person can lower the probability that their child will inherit a gene linked with breast cancer.
D. As environmental factors contributing to breast cancer are identified and changed, the overall incidence of breast cancer may decrease.
D. As environmental factors contributing to breast cancer are identified and changed, the overall incidence of breast cancer may decrease.