Biomolecules & Cellular Processes
Compare the functions of carbohydrates and lipids.
Carbs are used for short-term, quick energy; lipids are used for long-term or stored energy.
If viruses aren't living, how do they reproduce?
Viruses invade a host cell and use its machinery for reproduction.
A mutation is a change in DNA. What are three outcomes a mutation can have on an organism?
Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
Animals have lungs and plants have stomata. What is the function of these structures?
gas exchange
What are the two major key words of the following test question?
"Which of the following are not characteristics of a virus?"
"not" and "virus"
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. How do enzymes catalyze biological reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to take place.
What 2 structures must ALL viruses have?
genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a capsid (protein coat)
Name the following processes:
DNA to RNA is called _________, and
RNA to protein is called _________.
DNA to RNA is called transcription, and
RNA to protein is called translation.
Animals have veins and arteries, while plants have xylem and phloem. What is the role of these structures?
transportation of molecules throughout the body
If you find yourself getting stuck on a question, what should you do?
Move on to the next couple of questions and come back to the one you're stuck on later.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, but they are not exactly the same. What are the 3 major differences between DNA and RNA?
1. DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
2. DNA uses A, T, C, and G, RNA uses A, U, C, and G
3. DNA uses deoxyribose sugar, RNA uses ribose sugar
What 3 structures must all cells have?
cell membrane/phospholipid membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
List the differences between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance phenotypes considering a heterozygous genotype.
What is represented by the arrows in food chains and food webs?
the movement/flow of energy
What should you ALWAYS do immediately after writing your SCR answer?
make sure your answer includes the specific information the question is looking for
List the following stages of the cell cycle in order:
Cytokinesis, G1, G2, Mitosis, S-phase
G1, S-phase, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. What is the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes (e.g. plant and animal cells) have a nucleus to store DNA, but prokaryotes have no nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. Golgi, lysosomes, etc.)
How does natural selection lead to evolution?
Natural selection is the survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits that make them fit to their environment. When individuals pass these favorable traits on to offspring over several generations, this can lead to a shift in the common traits in the gene pool which can result in evolution.
List the 4 types of symbiotic relationships.
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation
What two answers are needed for the following SCR?
"In animal cells, the sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions against a concentration gradient across the cell membrane. What type of transport is used, AND why is this type of transport necessary?"
Type of transport (active transport) and what it is for (moving molecules against the concentration gradient)
How are the reactants/products of photosynthesis related to the reactants/products of cellular respiration?
The products of photosynthesis (C6H12O6 and CO2) become the reactants of cellular respiration, and the products of cellular respiration (O2 and H2O) become the reactants of photosynthesis.
What are the 3 main differences between cells and viruses?
1. cells use DNA only, viruses can use DNA or RNA
2. cells are living, viruses are nonliving
3. cells can reproduce on their own, viruses need a host
When looking at a pedigree for an autosomal recessive trait, how can you tell which individuals express the recessive trait?
Shaded shapes represent affected individuals.
List the following levels of organization in order:
biome, biosphere, cell, community, ecosystem, organ, organ system, organism, population, tissue
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
"The flu is caused by a nonliving infective agent that consists of genetic material and a protein coat. Name this type of infective agent AND describe how it is different from a cell." How would you score the following answer to this prompt (0-2)?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells don't.
0; the answer does not correctly identify the agent as a virus, nor does it list any differences between cells and viruses.