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Explain why organisms need energy.
Organisms require energy for life: growth, metabolism, maintenance, development, reproduction
The energy released by ATP when it is broken down is stored in this chemical bond.
phosphate-phosphate bond
What is the location of chlorophyll?
thylakoid membrane
Explain the role of water in the light reactions.
split to H+, electrons, & oxygen; electrons transferred to chlorophyll & oxygen released
Electron transport chains are required for this step of photosynthesis.
photosystem II
H+ gradients formed by electron transport are an example of _____ energy.
potential
This process converts light energy to chemical energy.
photosynthesis
Name the 2 steps of photosynthesis & the site of each step within the chloroplast.
step 2: Calvin cycle (in stroma)
Photosystem II produce _____ (gas) & ______ (energy containing molecule); photosystem I produces _____ (energy producing molecule).
oxygen; ATP; NADPH
When chlorophyll absorbs light, an _____ in chlorophyll is excited. As this electron moves through the electron transport chain & ultimately ends up in glucose, the resulting electron hole in chlorophyll is filled up by electrons obtained from ____. Oxygen is a byproduct of this process.
electron; water
In cellular respiration, energy is transferred from glucose to ATP; it produces heat as a byproduct. This observation is an example of the ____ law of thermodynamics.
This process transfers energy from food to ATP.
cellular respiration
Write the overall reaction which describes the light reactions (reactants & products).
The products of the light reactions which are required for the Calvin cycle are _____ and _____.
ATP; NADPH
Characteristics of C3 photosynthesis
1. temperate climate
2. stomata open during daylight
3. most efficient type of photosynthesis
The equation which describes ATP synthesis.
ADP + P + Energy source = ATP
The overall reaction of photosynthesis.
CO2 + Sunlight + Water = Oxygen & Glucose
Explain the role of chlorophyll in the light reactions.
absorbs light; excites electron
The Calvin cycle "fixes" carbon; This means that CO2 is used to synthesize _____. Energy for this process is provided by the products of the light reactions, ____ and ____.
glucose; ATP; NADPH
Characteristics of C4 photosynthesis
1. warm, dry climate
2. uses a different enzyme w/ high affinity for carbon dioxide, thus stomata open less during the day, reduces water loss
3. requires more energy than C3
Explain the role of ATP in organisms.
direct energy source for cells; synthesized as needed
Describe the function of chlorophyll.
to absorb specific wavelengths of light
Explain the role of carotenoids in the light reactions.
Expand range of light which may be absorbed
The enzyme required for the first step of the Calvin cycle is ______. This enzyme is the most common enzyme on earth.
RuBisCO
Characteristics of CAM photosynthesis
1. hot, dry climate (desert)
2. stomata closed during the day, open at night
3. holding molecule binds CO2 at night; Calvin cycle uses this CO2 in daylight
4. very slow growth due to limited CO2
5. requires more energy than C3