Half Life Problems & Microscope Math
What is half-life?
The time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay.
Define common ancestor.
An ancestral species from which multiple species evolved.
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum population size an environment can support.
What are the 8 levels of classification (from broadest to most specific)?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
What are the 3 different symbiotic relationships?
Commensalism: 1 benefits, other unaffected
Mutualisms: Both benefit
Parasitism: 1 Benefits, other is harmed
If 100 g of Carbon-14 decays for 2 half-lives, how much remains?
25 grams.
Which organisms are most closely related on a cladogram?
The ones that share the most recent common ancestor.
What limits population growth?
Limiting factors such as food, space, water, predation, etc.
What is binomial nomenclature?
A two-part scientific naming system using genus and species.
What does DNA evidence tell us about evolution?
It shows genetic similarities that indicate common ancestry.
A microscope has a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective. What is the total magnification?
400x total magnification.
What does each node (branch point) on a cladogram represent?
A common ancestor shared by the species that branch from it.
What does a logistic growth curve look like?
A curve that levels off at carrying capacity.
Structural Adaptations-Involve body of organism (ex: wings of birds).
Physiological Adaptations-Related to biochemistry & interactions within the body (Poison venom from snakes).
Behavioral Adaptations- mating and parental behavior.
What tool is used to determine evolutionary relationships?
A cladogram.
How do you calculate different FOV's on a microscope.
Magnification 1 x Diameter 1 = Magnification 2 x Diameter 2
How does natural selection cause evolution?
Organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce, passing those traits on.
What are the 3 type of survivor ship curves. Give examples for each.
Type 1= High survivorship earlier in life and low survivorship later (ex: Humans)
Type 2= Constant Loss (ex: Birds)
Type 3= Low survivorship early in life and high survivorship later (ex: Trees)
A evolutionary adaptation has to be...
-Genetically passed on to the next generation(Heritable).
-Functional for a specific environmental factor (fits a niche).
-Contributes to an advantage for that species (fitness).
What does biodiversity mean and why is it important?
Variety of species in an ecosystem; it increases stability and resilience.
Why is radioactive dating important for studying fossils?
It determines the age of fossils and rocks.
Give an example of homologous structure between humans and bats and what they show.
Human arm and bat wing; they show common ancestry.
What happens when a population exceeds carrying capacity?
Population decreases.
How does taxonomy help scientists understand evolution?
It shows relationships and common ancestry between organisms.
How can environmental changes lead to speciation?
Environmental changes can separate populations or create new conditions that favor different traits. Over time, these differences build up through natural selection, causing the populations to become distinct species that can no longer interbreed.