Plant Adaptations
This type of cuticle helps plants reduce water loss in dry conditions.
A. Thin cuticle
B. Thick waxy cuticle
C. Hairy cuticle
D. No cuticle
B, thick waxy cuticle
On a cold winter morning, the body decreases sweating, decreases blood flow to the skin, and increases muscle activity to maintain this.
A. Blood pressure
B. Body temperature
C. Heart rate
D. Oxygen levels
B, body temperature
This type of immunity is passed from mother to baby through breast-feeding.
A. Naturally acquired active
B. Naturally acquired passive
C. Artificially acquired active
D. Artificially acquired passive
B, naturally acquired passive immunity
Viruses consist of either DNA or RNA, surrounded by this protective layer.
A. Cell wall
B. Protein coat
C. Lipid membrane
D. Cytoplasm
B, protein coat
Moving into the shade or huddling together are examples of this type of thermoregulation mechanism.
A. Structural
B. Behavioural
C. Physiological
D. Cellular
B, behavioural
Plants in dry environments often produce this hormone in response to drought, helping close stomata.
A. Auxin
B. Cytokinin
C. Abscisic acid
D. Gibberellin
C, abscisic acid
When plants close their stomata during drought, this homeostatic advantage occurs.
A. Increased photosynthesis
B. Reduced water loss
C. Increased nutrient uptake
D. Lower leaf temperature
B, reduced water loss
This part of the immune response is immediate and generic, unlike the adaptive response which is delayed and specific.
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Innate immunity
C. Passive immunity
D. Artificial immunity
B, innate immunity
A mosquito transmitting malaria is an example of this.
A. Host
B. Pathogen
C. Vector
D. Reservoir
C, vector
Shivering to generate heat is an example of this type of thermoregulation mechanism.
A. Structural
B. Behavioural
C. Physiological
D. Cellular
C, physiological
Placing stomata on the underside of leaves and having thinner leaves are adaptations for this purpose.
conserving water
In response to dehydration, the body detects low water levels in the blood and triggers this type of feedback mechanism to maintain balance.
The negative feedback loop (thirsty/dry mouth and less frequent urinating)
A newborn receives the DTP vaccine and later a booster. The booster increases the number of "X cells" for a stronger response. Which cells increase in number?
B Cells and memory T cells
Describe what virulence is.
The ability to cause infection (how bad is the infection and how easily does can it spread)
Having fur or feathers helps animals maintain a stable temperature. This is an example of this type of mechanism.
Structural
Hair on leaves can help reduce water loss by creating a microenvironment around the leaf. What type of adaption does this fall under?
Structural adaptation (to dry conditions)
As blood water levels return to normal, this happens to the negative feedback response.
The body will return to normal urinating frequency and saliva is produced for frequently.
These proteins recognise and bind to antigens on pathogens, helping the immune system neutralise or destroy them.
Antibodies
A pandemic occurs when this happens.
An infectious disease spreads through many countries at the same time
Identify one behavioural, physiological, and structural mechanism that helps maintain a constant internal body temperature.
Behavioural: moving to shade or sun
Physiological: shivering or sweating
Structural: fur, feathers, fat.
Describe three key adaptations of xerophytes that allow them to survive in dry environments.
Thick waxy cuticle,
stomata on the underside of leaves,
reduced leaf size or thickness,
hairy leaves and deep roots.
Describe how the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys, and bladder work together to maintain water balance in the body during dehydration.
The hypothalamus detects low blood water levels and signals the pituitary gland to release ADH. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume. The bladder stores the concentrated urine until it is excreted, helping maintain water balance and homeostasis.
Explain how a booster vaccination leads to an enhanced immune response using B and T cells.
Booster vaccines reactivate memory B and T cells, increasing their number and efficiency, so the immune system responds faster and stronger on subsequent exposure.
Select two virulence factors and describe how they increase a pathogen’s ability to cause infection.
Toxins - Damage to host cells (how damaging/dangerous the pathogen is)
Capsule - How resilient/resistant the pathogen is (how easily it spreads)
Explain how thermoregulation mechanisms help endothermic animals maintain homeostasis.
Behavioural mechanisms allow animals to change their environment or posture, such as moving into the shade to cool down or huddling together to conserve heat.
Physiological mechanisms adjust internal processes, like shivering to generate heat when cold or sweating to release heat when hot.
Structural mechanisms provide insulation or protection, such as fur, feathers, or a layer of fat to reduce heat loss.