Communication
Describe how an action potential travels along a neuron
Neurons have a resting potential: the inside of the axon is electrically negative
In an action potential, ion channels open allowing for the rapid influx of sodium ions
This influx will continue to open channels until the action potential has reached the end of the axon
Why are red blood cells good at exchanging CO2 and O2?
Hemoglobin can bind both gases, but binds CO2 more loosely than O2, allowing it to release the CO2 at the lungs
Which other body systems does the integumentary system work closely with/rely upon?
The nervous system - sensing temperature and pressure
The circulatory system - releasing wastes and receiving nutrients
How do bony and cartilaginous fishes regulate their buoyancy in water? (hint: different strategies)
Bony: Swim Bladder
Cartilaginous: Fatty liver, moving forward creates "lift" with their fins
How do chelicerates sense their environment?
Pedipalps - Appendages in front of the walking legs that help chelicerates eat and sense their environment
Chelicerates do NOT have antennae!
The parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are largely responsible for interpreting our senses. Which senses does each interpret?
Parietal - pain, pressure, touch
Occipital - vision
Temporal - hearing and smell
Describe the flow of blood throughout the heart, starting with the vena cava and ending with the aorta
I & S Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta
What is the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immunity?
Cell-mediated:Uses primarily T-cells to fight antigens that have infected cells
Humoral: Relies primarily on B-cells, and takes place in the fluid between cells
What is unique about the development of an amphibian from egg to adult?
They undergo metamorphosis from egg - tadpole - adult
What are some examples of body structures that are unique to the crustacean group
Carapace - exoskeletal plate covering the cephalothorax
Swimmerets - flipper-like appendages
Chelipeds - claws
How do our eyes dynamically focus on near and far objects?
Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments modify the shape of the lens of our eyes. They pull the lens flat to focus on further objects, and relax to allow the lens to become more convex to focus on closer objects
T/F: Peristalsis is an example of chemical digestion
False - peristalsis is the contraction of muscles that moves around our food as it is digested, this is mechanical
Which part of the bone does the periosteum describe?
The outer covering
What are the differences between scales and scutes?
Scales come from the outer layer of skin, scutes are produced from a deeper layer. Scales are shed and regrown, scutes are more like human nails that continue as they are worn down
Provide an example of a cephalopod?
Octopus, squid
Which hormones do the adrenal glands produce?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol
Identify the parts of the nephron that perform the following steps:
Filtration occurs in the ____________
Reabsorption occurs in the ___________
Bowman's capsule, Loop of Henle or Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Describe how a muscle contraction works
Myosin filaments pull actin filaments inward to shorten the sarcomere of a muscle fiber
Provide an example of a wing type used by birds
High-lift, Soaring, High-speed, Elliptical
What does "cephalization" refer to?
The concentration of nerves/senses in one place, the head, of an organism
Describe how our inner ear detects our balance
The semicircular canals of the ear contain a gelatinous fluid that causes hair cells to bend as it moves
Describe the stages of a heart contraction
Relax - blood fills heart
First contraction - blood pumped into ventricles from atria
Second contraction - blood pumped out of the ventricles
What are the 4 types of tissues in our bodies?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
What are the benefits of different eye placements for predators and prey?
Eyes at the front of the face allow for depth perception
Eyes at the side of the head allow for wide views of surroundings, good peripheral vision
What does the name cnidarian refer to?
Stinging cnidocytes in the tentacles of organisms in this phylum