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The limbs of several organisms are shown in the illustrations below. Scientists sometimes compare the limbs of these organisms to look for evidence of common ancestry.
These limbs provide evidence of common ancestry because they —
They have the same basic structure
"Miracle Micro-B contains 2.0g of boron, a micronutrient that is vital to reproduction in plants."
Based on this information, the student can conclude that boron is absorbed by plant roots from soil and then -
- transported to reproductive tissues by the plant's shoot system
- stored in plant stems until the flowers are pollinated
- concentrated in the roots until the plant's reproductive tissues mature
- transported by the phloem to the stomata in leaves, where it attracts pollinators
Transported to reproductive tissues by the plant's shoot system
Common baboons live on the savanna in breeding groups called troops. While females tend to stay with the troop, younger or less dominant males may leave to join a neighboring troop. Which of these is a likely outcome of movement by young males?
- Gene flow occurs between populations.
- Allelic frequencies suddenly change.
- Relative genotypic frequencies reach a constant state.
- Intermediate phenotypes increase in the species.
Gene flow occurs between populations
In the early 1980's scientists were able to produce two biomolecules by splicing a human gene into the bacterium E. coli to make recombinant human insulin and growth hormone. Which statement best explains why this experiment was successful?
- Human cells are eukaryotic, and E. coli cells are prokaryotic.
- All living organisms share the same genome.
- The genes for all organisms are composed of the same building blocks.
- The human body contains many types of bacteria, including E. coli.
The genes for all organisms are composed of the same building blocks
Plant roots have extensions called root hairs. These root hairs are important in the homeostasis of the plant. Which statement best explains the importance of the root hairs to the stems and leaves of the plant?
- Root hairs convert minerals into glucose for immediate use by cells.
- Root hairs decrease the need for osmosis and diffusion in vascular tissue.
- Root hairs prevent water loss in leaves through transpiration and gas exchange.
- Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots for nutrient and water absorption
Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots for nutrient and water absorption
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often infects and destroys CD4 T cells. These CD4 T cells are one of many kinds of white blood cells that are an important part of the immune system. The most common danger related to the destruction of CD4 T cells is
-an increase in the risk of high blood pressure
-an increase in the threat of diseases caused by microorganisms and viruses
-a decrease in the flow of blood to vital organs
-a decrease in the amount of oxygen being transported to tissues
An increase in the threat of diseases caused by microorganisms and viruses
Both Euglena (a plant) and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic unicellular organisms found in pond water. The feature that distinguishes euglena from cyanobacteria is the
- ability to maintain homeostasis
- presence of ribosomes
- ability to reproduce
- presence of nuclear membrane (nucleus)
Presence of nuclear membrane (nucleus)
A male pug that is heterozygous for his black coat and homozygous recessive for healthy eyesight is crossed with a tan female who is heterozygous for cataracts.
What is the percent chance that their offspring with inherit the female's cataracts?
- 0%
- 25%
- 50%
- 75%
50%
In the 1940's the scientist J.B.S. Haldane linked many human red blood cell disorders with the tropical regions where malaria occurs. Haldane hypothesized that the widespread presence of these red blood cell disorders, as well as traits that protect individuals from malaria, were the result of natural selection. Haldane's hypothesis was later confirmed by the research of A.C. Allison. The resistance to malaria carried by individuals in areas where malaria is widespread is the result of
- a vaccine against malaria
- the individual's genetic composition
- antibiotic medications
- the individual's behavior in avoiding those with the infection
The individual's genetic composition
While visiting a national park, a student encounters an unfamiliar organism in a damp area near a body of water. The student notes that the organism is about 10 cm long, has 4 legs and has no tail. The organism is black with white spots on its smooth, moist skin. It also appears to have an internal skeletal system. To which class does the organism most likely belong?
- Mammals
- Birds
- Reptiles
- Amphibians
Amphibians
When mammals get an infection, their internal body temperature often rises 2 to 3 degrees Celsius. The body gets the energy it needs to react to an infection by —
- increasing the rate of cellular division
- decreasing the rate of glucose movement into the cell
- increasing the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria
- decreasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the cell
Increasing the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria
A certain class of protein is found to exist in several different species. The amino acid sequence of this protein is compared between a large number of species. The greatest number of amino acid differences will be found between species of different _____.
- orders
- phyla
- families
- genera
Phyla
Organisms are classified today using the Linnaean system. Marine biologists classify marine organisms living along the Pacific Coast. Taxonomic classification is important to marine biologists because it provides a way to
- prove that marine evolution occurs
- discover and name every marine organism on earth
- designate Latin as the universal language of marine biology
- identify marine organisms and find evolutionary relationships between them
Identify marine organisms and find evolutionary relationships between them
Which list represents a system organized from least to most complex?
- Integumentary system -> skin cell -> hair -> sweat glands
- Muscle cell -> muscle tissue -> biceps muscle -> muscular system
- heart -> cardiac muscle -> muscle tissue -> muscle cell
- lung tissue -> trachea -> nostrils -> circulatory system
Muscle cell -> muscle tissue -> biceps muscle -> muscular system
Plant hormones serve as chemical messengers between cells and tissues. Auxin is a plant hormone that causes the cells on the shady side of the plant shoot to elongate. The response enabled by auxin is known as
- geotropism
- transpiration
- phototropism
- photosynthesis
Phototropism
Phylogenetics relates organisms to one another based on genetic distance that increases with evolutionary time. This principle requires the use of what kind of genes in order to give accurate relationships?
- Genes from the mitochondrial DNA
- Genes from the nuclear DNA
- Genes that are not under selection
- Genes under directional selection
Genes that are not under selection
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
- Two populations living in the same geographic region acquire enough differences to diverge into two separate species
- Two different species independently gain the ability to fly
- Two species merge together to form a single species
- A species regains a trait that an ancestor had previously lost
Two species independently gain the ability to fly
What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?
- The theory that all living organisms are made of cells.
- The theory that all living organisms share the same basic genetic components.
- The theory that organisms function best when their internal conditions are maintained within narrow limits.
- The theory that complex cells evolved after primitive cells engulfed bacterial cells that continued functioning.
The theory that complex cells evolved after primitive cells engulfed bacterial cells that continued functioning
Scientists use zebra fish to study human genetic diseases because zebra fish and humans share many of the same genetic diseases. Which statement describes why zebra fish experience similar genetic diseases as humans?
- Zebra fish have an omnivorous diet similar to that of humans.
- Zebra fish have nucleotide sequences similar to those of humans.
- Zebra fish go through embryonic stages similar to those of humans.
- Zebra fish produce gametes through a process that is similar to that of humans.
Zebra fish have nucleotide sequences similar to those of humans.
Which molecule synthesized by plants is a major source of energy for cellular processes in both plants and animals?
- wax
- nucleic acid
- glucose
- chlorophyll
Glucose
A mutation in which types of cells would only affect the organism and not future generations?
- Egg cell and liver cell
- Sperm cell and egg cell
- Nerve cell and brain cell
- Sperm cell and lung cell
Nerve cell and brain cell
Which of the following is an example of the endocrine system directly interacting with the nervous system?
- The vertebrae protect the spinal cord from injury.
- Hormones provide feedback that affects neural processing.
- Sensory receptors in bones send signals about body position to the brain.
- The brain sends signals that control the speed at which food moves through the intestines.
Hormones provide feedback that affects neural processing
Methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles are some of the most primitive life-forms found on Earth and thrive in very harsh environments. These unicellular, prokaryotic organisms most likely belong to which of the following kingdoms?
- Protista
- Fungi
- Archaebacteria
- Plantae
Archaebacteria
Where does the process of transcription occur in the cell and what molecules are involved?
- Location: nucleus Molecules: DNA & tRNA
- Location: ribosome Molecules: DNA & tRNA
- Location: ribosome Molecules: DNA & mRNA
- Location: nucleus Molecules: DNA & mRNA
Location: nucleus Molecules: DNA & mRNA
How can evolutionary relationships among organisms be determined by comparing embryonic development?
- Embryos of more closely related organisms show greater similarities in development.
- Embryos retrace their ancestral stages during embryonic development.
- Embryos that develop inside eggs lack similarities to placental mammals.
- Embryos of fish and mammals share no similarities.
Embryos of more closely related organisms show greater similarities in development.