Biology Final Exam Review

Genetics

100

What is a phenotype for the organism in the picture? 

Anything that describes the physical characteristics of an organism. 

-the cat is orange
-the cat has four legs
-etc 

200

Genotypes represent an individual's what? 

alleles (genes for a specific trait) 

300

A genotype with the same alleles and is dominant is called? 

homozygous dominant (BB) 

Remember: heterozygous = Bb 

400

A white bird and a black bird reproduce and produces offspring that white and black. Which pattern of inheritance does this show? 

Co-dominance (both traits are expressed/show up and not blended)

500

A man who is does not colorblindness has a sister who has colorblindness. Their dad has colorblindness. What is the genotype of their mother? 

Dad = X^bY (has it
Son = X^BY (does not have it) --> gets X^B from mom, dad gives Y 

Sister = X^bX^b    --> one X^b  from mom, one X^b from dad:

mom = X^BX^b 

Meiosis

100

How many daughter cells are created in meiosis? 

4 (all genetically different)

200

Meiosis makes _______ which are cells with half the number of chromosomes and are used for reproduction. 

gametes 

300

What is one way in which meiosis creates genetic variation? 

Crossing over (exchange pieces between homologous chromosomes)

Independent assortment (chromosomes separate randomly into each daughter cell each time). 

400

During fertilization, two gametes join together to make what? (Name for the cell made) 

Zygote 

or diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes) 

500

State 3 differences between meiosis and mitosis: 

-Meiosis makes genetically DIFFERENT cells
-Meiosis makes 4 daughter cells
-Meiosis is used to make reproductive cells

*Mitosis makes cells that are the SAME
*Mitosis makes 2 daughter cells
*Mitosis is used for all cells except for sperm and egg cells 

Evolution and More Ecology

100

What is the definition of evolution? 

Any change in the gene pool (alleles) within a population. 

200

Name two ways in which biodiversity can be reduced: 

CHIPO:
1. Climate change
2. Habitat destruction
3. Invasive Species  
4. Pollution
5. Overharvesting/overexploitation 

300

Using just the first letter, what is the order of taxonomy from largest to smallest/most specific: 

K-kingdom
P-phylum
C-class
O-order
F-family 
G-genus 
S-species 

400

What is the definition of fitness? 

the ability to survive and reproduce.

Natural selection increases fitness through adaptations. 

500

The display of male peacocks is an example of what? 

Sexual Selection 

-only males with the best feathers can mate therefore passing on the gene for bigger and brighter feathers.

-this increases fitness 

DNA and Protein Synthesis

100

What is the building blocks of DNA molecules? 

nucleotide 

200

Starting with DNA, what is the correction flow of information?  

     _____ -->   _________  -->  ________

DNA --> RNA --> Protein 

300

If the mRNA reads "CCA" what would be the matching amino acid? 

CCA = Pro

400

The process of re-writing the instruction of DNA into mRNA is known as? 

Transcription = DNA to mRNA 

Translation = mRNA to protein

500

This mutation occurs when the DNA is changed and creates an early stop in the mRNA: 

nonsense mutation

Silent = no change in amino acid
Missense = change in amino acid
Frameshift = when one is off and moves everything over 

CAT   SAW   BAT -->    ATS     AWB   AT?

Ecology

100

An organism that eats a producer is called a what? 

Primary Consumer   

200

What is the name of the process that releases CO2 from the burning of fossil fuel?

Combustion

300

General term to describe relationship between two organisms that live closely together. 

Symbiosis 

400

A type of relationship where two organisms benefit (they both help each other)  

Mutualism (+/+) 

500

Only 10 percent of energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next. What are the two reasons for this? 

Most of the energy is lost as HEAT
and not all part of the organism can be digested.