Genetics
Define allele.
From Google -
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. Also called allelomorph
A human cell has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does a human egg cell have?
From CE - 23 Chromosomes
What is DNA made of?
From Google - Nucleotides
What is RNA made of?
From Google - RNA consists of ribose nucleotides (nitrogenous bases appended to a ribose sugar) attached by phosphodiester bonds, forming strands of varying lengths. The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, which replaces thymine in DNA.
What is a Calorie?
From Google - A calorie is a unit of energy. It’s commonly used to express the amount of energy released when your body breaks down and absorbs food.
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
From Google - An organism’s genotype is its genetic makeup, while the phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype. In genetics, the genotype and phenotype are two ways of describing an organism’s traits. The genotype is the genetic code, while the phenotype is the physical expression of a trait.
What is a pedigree?
From Google - A pedigree is a diagram that depicts the biological relationships between an organism and its ancestors. A pedigree can show the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family. Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait and to identify the individuals who have or carry the trait.
Chargaff’s Rules state that Adenine bonds with ______ and Cytosine bonds with ___________?
From Google - thymine (T) and guanine (G)
What are the three types of RNA?
From Google -
Give an example of a type of nutrient.
From Google -
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. water
5. vitamins
6. minerals
What is independent assortment and how does it affect biodiversity?
From Google - Independent assortment is responsible for the production of new genetic combinations in the organism along with crossing over. Thus, it contributes to genetic diversity among eukaryotes.
What is a karyotype?
From Google - A karyotype refers to the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or an individual organism. It includes information about their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is determined, revealing the chromosome complement of an individual, including any abnormalities.
What is the shape of DNA?
From CE - A double helix
Where does transcription occur?
From Google - The nucleus
An egg has 5 grams of fat, 6 g protein, and 0.6 g carbohydrate. What is the total amount of Calories in an egg?
(Prot/Carb 4 Cal/g;
Fat 9 Cal/g)
Refer to Mrs. Bertenshaw
In pea plants, the allele for yellow seeds is dominant to green seeds. Predict the phenotype ratio for two parents that are heterozygous Yy.
From Google - The yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds. The heterozygous yellow seeded plant will have the genotype Yy and the green seeded plant will have yy. If these two plants are crossed, the result of F 1 generation will be two Yy (yellow seeds) and two yy (green seeds). The probability of the offsprings will be 50:50.
What is the gender of offspring with XY chromosomes?
From CE - Male
During replication, which sequence of nucleotides will bond with the DNA sequence
C C T A G A?
From Google - DNA replication is semi-conservative. This means that each of the two strands in double-stranded DNA acts as a template to produce two new strands. Replication relies on complementary base pairing, that is the principle explained by Chargaff's rules: adenine (A) always bonds with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) always bonds with guanine (G).
Where does translation occur?
From Google - Ribosomes
There are 3 types of carbohydrates- simple sugars, complex sugar, and fiber. Which of these is not digestible?
From Google - Fiber
How did Mendel conduct his pea experiments?
From Google - Mendel's experiments with nearly 30,000 pea plants demonstrated that traits are transmitted faithfully from parents to offspring in specific patterns. He followed the inheritance of 7 traits in pea plants, and each trait had 2 forms. He identified pure-breeding pea plants that consistently showed 1 form of a trait after generations of self-pollination. Mendel then crossed these pure-breeding lines of plants and recorded the traits of the hybrid progeny. Mendel's experiments taught us that inherited traits are delivered to offspring on pairs of genes, one from each parent, and that there are dominant and recessive forms of genes.
The deletion of 1 base in DNA can cause what to happen? Would this be inherited?
From Google - The smallest single base deletion mutations occur by a single base flipping in the template DNA, followed by template DNA strand slippage, within the DNA polymerase active site. Deletions can be caused by errors in chromosomal crossover during meiosis, which causes several serious genetic diseases.
Describe DNA replication including enzymes used.
From Google - DNA replication is semiconservative. Each strand in the double helix acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (starter) and synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
Describe the process of transcription and translation to make proteins..
From Google - Proteins are produced through two processes: transcription and translation. Transcription uses a strand of DNA as a template to build a molecule called RNA, which is the link between DNA and the production of proteins. During transcription, the coded information from DNA is copied onto mRNA, which is then translated into chains of amino acids. In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes work together to produce proteins.
What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?
From Google - Vitamins are organic compounds obtained from animals and plants, while minerals are inorganic compounds originated in the earth.