Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
What is ATP?
an energy storage molecule essential for all life's tasks
Name the 4 biomacromolecules.
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus)
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (they have a nucleus)
What are the components of a nucleotide?
and what are the 4 variations?
sugar- phosphate- base
4 bases: A T G C
What are the 2 process needed to go from DNA to protein?
Transcription and Translation
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What property of water allows it to dissolve salts or stick to other substances?
Water is POLAR! (cohesion and adhesion)
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
compare= both have membrane bound organelles
contrast=
Plants have a cell wall and chloroplasts and a large central vacuole
Animals have centrioles
In DNA replication name the enzyme that unzips the DNA double strand and the enzyme that adds nucleotides.
Helicase= unzips
DNA Polymerase = adds nucleotides
Where does transcription take place?
Where does translation take place?
transcription= on the DNA in the nucleus (if eukaryote)
Translation= on the ribosome
Which process absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical energy ( a carbon molecule C6H12O6)?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Name the class of bio-macromolecule and the function of ENZYMES.
Enzymes are PROTEINS and the function to lower the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. (anabolism and catabolism)
What is the difference between passive and active transport of substances through cell membranes? Give an example of each.
Passive transport requires no energy particles move from high to low concentration (examples= diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)
Active transport requires energy because particles move from low to high concentrations (examples= pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis)
What is meant by complementary base-pairing?
How is it different in replication and in transcription?
A-pairs with -T in replication but in transcription A pairs with U
G pairs with c in both transcription and replication
What is a codon? and Name the start codon.
3 adjacent bases on the mRNA
Start Codon is AUG
What type of animal uses aerobic cell respiration? Autotroph or heterotroph or both?
both
Name the monomers for each:
Proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
proteins=amino acids
lipids=glycerol and fatty acids
carbohydrates = monosaccharides
nucleic acids=nucleotides
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment? a hypotonic environment? and an isotonic environment?
Hypertonic=It shrinks
Hypotonic= It swells
Isotonic= stays the same
What is the CENTRAL DOGMA in biology?
DNA--> mRNA----> protein
What are the 3 types of RNA? Which type of RNA carries the instructions for making proteins?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the instructions from DNA to ribosome
What is the difference between photosynthesis and cell respiration? (use both chemical reactions to explain)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES IN AND STORES ENERGY AND CELL RESPIRATION RELEASES THE STORED ENERGY (TRANSFERS IT TO ATP)
What are the atoms in each of the following:
carbohydrates
lipids
Proteins
nucleic acids
carbs= CHO
lipids=CHO
proteins= CHON
Nucleic acids= CHONP
What is the molecule that makes up the cell membrane and why is it a bilayer?
phospholipid
bilayer because the polar regions face watery inside and outside of cell and the nonpolar regions face interior of membrane
If a sample of DNA is 21% Cytosine what is the percentage of the other bases?
Cytosine=21% then Guanine= 21%
Adenine= 29% and Thymine= 29%
Which type of RNA carries the anti-codon and the amino acid to the ribosome?
transfer RNA