Cell Biology
This organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is changed, but the amino acid sequence remains unchanged.
What is a silent mutation?
The scientist that is known to be the Father of Evolution.
Who is Charles Darwin?
This neurotransmitter is crucial for muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions.
What is acetylcholine?
This type of selection favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of a trait distribution while selecting against intermediate forms.
What is disruptive selection?
The structure of biological membranes is described by this model, which accounts for fluid movement and embedded proteins.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The probability that two genes will be inherited together is measured by this unit, named after a geneticist.
What is a centimorgan?
This type of selection favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of a trait distribution while selecting against intermediate forms.
What is disruptive selection?
This part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response, slowing heart rate and increasing digestion.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
This process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template and is carried out by RNA polymerase.
What is transcription?
This organelle plays a key role in calcium storage, lipid synthesis, and detoxification but lacks ribosomes on its surface.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
In bacterial genetics, this process involves the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through a pilus.
What is conjugation?
The neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed by Motoo Kimura, suggests that most genetic variation in populations is caused by this process rather than natural selection.
What is genetic drift?
This hormone, released by the pancreas, stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
What is glucagon?
This molecule is an electron transporter for cellular respiration, moving it's electrons to Complex I of the Electron Transport Chain.
What is NADH?
In eukaryotic cells, the majority of ATP production occurs in this highly folded structure within the mitochondria.
What is the cristae?
A functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.
What is an operon?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires five conditions, including a large population, no mutations, and this other condition related to mating.
What is random mating?
The Bohr effect describes how hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity decreases due to changes in these two blood parameters.
What are pH and CO₂ levels?
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication.
What is helicase?
This protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane creates ATP using a proton gradient.
What is ATP synthase?
The phenomenon where one gene controls the expression of another, often seen in coat color in labrador retrievers, is called this.
What is epistasis?
This hypothesis suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by a eukaryotic ancestor, leading to a symbiotic relationship.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
This protein, found in muscle fibers, acts as a calcium sensor and regulates muscle contraction by controlling the position of tropomyosin on actin filaments.
What is troponin?
This modification to histone proteins can either promote or inhibit transcription by altering chromatin structure and is commonly associated with epigenetic regulation.
What is acetylation?