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Photo
Synthesis
Cell-cell interactions
Cellular Respiration
(Sun)Lights, CAM, AC4TION!
100
Where the light reactions occur within the chloroplast
What is the thylakoid membrane?
100
Where the Calvin cycle occurs within the choloroplast
What is the stroma?
100
The types of direct intercellular signaling
What are plasmodesmata (plant cells) and gap junctions (animal cells)?
100
Where oxidative phosphorylation occurs.
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?
100
The difference between the carbon fixation/Calvin cycle relationship in C4 v. CAM plants
What is spatial v. temporal separation? In C4 plates, these steps occur in separate cells. Carbon fixation in a mesophyll cell, and the Calvin cycle in a bundle sheath cell. CAM plants temporarily fix carbon at night and use it for the Calvin cycle during the day.
200
Removes electrons from water to replace oxidized P680 pair of chlorophyll molecules
What is photosystem II?
200
The three phases of the Calvin cycle
What is fixation, reduction, and regeneration? Fixation is CO2 being attached to ribulose bisphosphate via rubisco enzyme. Reduction is the 3PG molecule being phosphorylated by ATP and the reduced by NADPH into G3P. Regeneration is leftover G3P being used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate. 6 turns of the Calvin cycle make 1 glucose molecule.
200
Type of hormone that doesn't require a receptor to get into a cell
What are steroid hormones? They can just pass through the plasma membrane! Remember that hormones are neat because they can target cells far from the signal source.
200
The number of NADH molecules made during cellular respiration
What is 10? 2 from glycolysis, 2 from pyruvate processing, 6 from citric acid cycle
200
Sugarcane, crabgrass, and corn are some examples.
What is a C4 plant? Examples of CAM plants are cacti and pineapple.
300
The three things that create the H+ gradient
What is: the splitting of water (increased [H+] in thylakoid lumen), ETC (increased [H+] by pumping into thylakoid lumen), and the formation of NADPH (decreased [H+] in stroma)
300
Three things that glucose can be turned into
What is sucrose, starch, and cellulose? Sucrose is a disaccharide made in the cytosol to transport energy through a plant's vascular tissues. Starches, which are made in the chloroplast, are made for long term energy storage. Cellulose is made to build up cell walls.
300
A lipid insoluble signal will require this
What is transduction? Receptor protein in membrane will receive signal, then spark transduction and amplification inside the cell
300
The coenzymes of cellular respiration
What are NAD+/H, FAD/H2, and coenzyme A? Remember than coenzymes are organic cofactors that participate in reactions but are left unchanged afterward.
300
C4 plants use this enzyme fix CO2 into an organic acid.
What is PEP carboxylase?
400
The three products of the light reactions and where they are produced
What is O2 in the thylakoid lumen (by oxidation of H2O by PSII. 2e- from H2O are transferred to two P680+ molecules), NADPH in the stroma (from high energy e- that start in PSII and are boosted in PS1. NADP+ + 2e- + H+ --> NADPH), ATP in the stroma (by H+ electrochemical gradient)
400
This protein physically links PSII to PSI
What is Plastocyanin? (PC gets the e- from PSII's ETC, and donates it to PSI, which then uses it to replace the e- from the P700 pair of chlorophyll molecules)
400
An especially common target of activated G proteins
What is adenylyl cyclase? Adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-associated enzyme that, when activated by the GTP-bound alpha subunit, catalyzes synthesis of the second messenger cAMP from molecules of ATP. In humans, cAMP is involved in responses to sensory input, hormones, and nerve transmission, among others.
400
The part of mitochondria that H+'s come from when they go through ATP synthase
What is the intermembrane space? Remember that the ETC uses the NADH and FADH2 (from the citric acid cycle) to power the pumping of H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. ATP synthase then allows H+ to flow with the gradient, back into the mitochondrial matrix.
400
The reactions that take place in a CAM plant during the day and night, respectively.
What is the Calvin cycle and the C4 cycle? During Calvin, CO2 is used and G3P is produced. During C4, CO2 is accumulated.
500
Without this, the Calvin cycle would have enough NADPH but not enough ATP.
What is cyclic phosphorylation?
500
The physical conditions that cause a plant to favor photorespiration over photosynthesis
What is hot and dry? This is because plants have a build up of oxygen and a deficit of CO2 as a result of closing their stomata to prevent water loss.
500
What Ras is bound to in its inactive state
What is GDP? Ras binds to GTP instead of GDP to become activated. This is caused by SH2-containing proteins joining with activated RTKs
500
The energy containing products of the oxidation of acetyl CoA
What are 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (which usually gets immediately converted into 1 ATP)? 2 CO2 are made in the citric acid cycle, but they are *not* a result of energy release. They are a result of carbon arrangements, which are shown below: Glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> (2 CO2) 2 acetyl CoA -> 4 CO2
500
One cost and one benefit of photorespiration.
What is "undoing" photosynthesis? What is consuming energy? What is releasing CO2? What is plant signaling? What is plant development? What are high light/low CO2 conditions?