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100
-Primitive cells on early Earth that performed anaerobic processes and lived in hot places. -Divide of bacteria and archaea (anaerobic processes) -Eukaryotes were formed (aerobic processes) -Multicellular organisms (aerobic respiration)
What is four steps of the evolution of cells?
100
-a variant form of a gene. -A unit of heredity that contributes to the characteristics or traits of an organism. -the physical location of a gene. -A discrete unit of genetic material composed of DNA and associated proteins.
What is allele, gene, locus and chromosome?
100
-insertion -deletion -substitution
What is point mutations?
100
 genetic contribution to future generations, relative to other individuals (of same species) which leads to reproductive success.
What is fitness?
100
• Highly stereotypic • Species-specific • Requires no learning • Also called Sign Stimulus • Trigger for behavior • Often just a subset of cue
What is Fixed Action Patterns and releasers?
200
1. A boundary, such as a membrane, separated the internal contents of the inner structures from the external environment. 2. Polymers contain information 3. Polymers have enzymatic functions 4. They eventually developed the capability of self-replication.
What is a protobiont?
200
-one trait in a pair of alleles masks the other and is shown in the individual. -The phenomenon in which a single individual expresses two alleles. ex. AB blood type -The phenomenon in which a heterozygote that carries two different alleles exhibits a phenotype that is an intermediate between two homozygous parents ex. pink flower from a red flower and a white flower.
What is dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance?
200
-allows different responses to causes of natural selection. -makes it more likely for some individuals to survive
What is the role of variation?
200
– short‐term time scale (how actions take place- physiology, development, ecology) – longer‐term (evolutionary) time scale (change fitness and therefore natural selection)
What is proximate and ultimate causation?
200
• Provide opportunity to examine behavior • Proximate and ultimate cues
What is animal movements?
300
-deep sea vent hypothesis -early atmosphere hypothesis -extraterrestrial hypothesis
What is how organic molecules formed?
300
-The process that eliminates those individuals that are less likely to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, while allowing other individuals with traits that confer greater reproductive success to increase in numbers. -The process and structure by which organisms adjust to changes in their environment.
What is natural selection and adaptation?
300
-function of the gene products -time place, and amount of gene product -amount of gene product
What is coding regions, enhancers and promoters?
300
–genetically programmed (aka instinctual) –modified by experience
What is innate and learned behavior?
300
• Loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli • Not associated with a response • Associate stimulus with response • Classical conditioning – train to associate cue with reward • Operant Operant conditioning conditioning – trial & error •Watch others and copy
What is habituation, associative learning, and observational learning?
400
-transitional species-an organism that provides a link between earlier and later forms. -vestigial structures-An anatomical feature that has no apparent function but resembles a structure of a presumed ancestor. -homology-A fundamental similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor. -biogeography-The study of the geographic distribution of extinct and modern species. -convergent evolution-The process whereby two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments. -fossil record
What is the evidence of evolution?
400
states that two copies of a gene segregate from each other during gamete formation and during transmission from parent to offspring.
What is Law of Segregation?
400
- Genes in  a different species that are homologous by common descent. - Genes in a single individual which are homologous by gene duplication. - Group of paralogous genes
What is orthologs, paralogs, and gene families?
400
• Predicts that behaviors that maximize diff b/w costs and benefits will be selected (via natural selection) • Applied to: – Breeding – Migration – Foraging • Benefits – generally in calories – may be specific nutrients • Costs/trade-offs – Energy to locate, catch, eat food – Risk of predation – Time
What is optimality theory and optimal foraging theory?
400
• Energy – energy used for one activity could be used for another (principle of allocation) • Risk - increased likelihood of injury or death • Opportunity – while performing one activity, cannot perform another • Generally in terms of increased fitness – increased survival (dead organisms don’t reproduce) – increased reproductive success
What is cost and benefit?
500
-changes in a population's gene pool from generation to generation. -changes that creat new species and groups of species.
What is microevolution and macroevolution?
500
States that the alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation.
What is Law of Independent Assortment?
500
-point mutation which does not alter an amino acid (redundancy in the genetic code) -point mutation which alters an amino acid. -mutation which results in a premature stop codon. -any mutation resulting in a nonfunctioning proteins: mutations affecting transcription
What is silent, nonsense, missense and null mutations?
500
• Animals increase or decrease rate of movement in response to a stimulus • Not directional • Movement in response to a stimulus • Directional • Requires prior experience • Use compass direction (follow a bearing or heading) – Sun compass – Star Star compass compass – Magnetic compass • Determine present location relative to another location • Requires both map sense & compass sense
What is kinesis, taxis, piloting, orientation, and navigation?
500
• Applied to: – Breeding – Migration – Foraging
What is behavior and optimality theory?