Module 1&2
How plants, organisms and simple chemicals use sunlight and simpler chemicals to make their own food
What is Photosynthesis
An organism is capable of photosynthesis but cannot perform cellular respiration. Is this organism from kingdom Plantae?
No
This lipid-based structure regulates the entry and exit of substances in a cell and is often described by the "fluid mosaic model."
What is the plasma membrane?
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
(what is) Diffusion
How does a plant cell fight osmosis in a hypotonic solution?
It has a central vacuole that expands and causes resistance turgor pressure.
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to it's parents
what is mutation
Which of the following contain organisms with a true nucleus: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Yeast?
Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, and Yeast all contain organisms with a true nucleus (these are eukaryotic cells).
This type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, and it has ribosomes attached to its surface.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules
Hydrogen bond
Why is oxygen necessary for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the chain to continue functioning.
What are the criteria for life?
Cells, Growth and development, metabolism and energy, homeostasis, sense
and respond to stimuli, and DNA and reproduction.
If all diatoms were to suddenly go extinct, what would happen to the earth's atmosphere?
The oxygen supply in the atmosphere would dwindle away, because diatoms perform a large amount of photosynthesis which replaces the ozygen that most organisms use.
This organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell," where ATP is produced through cellular respiration.
What are the mitochondria?
What do carbohydrate molecules need to have?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and no other elements with twice as many H's as O's.
What would happen if a cell lost its lysosomes?
Without lysosomes, the cell would be unable to effectively break down waste materials, digest food particles, or recycle cellular components, leading to accumulation of undigested material and potential cell dysfunction.
What are the two main types of nucleic acids found in living organisms?
DNA and RNA
If all the fungi in an ecosystem were to suddenly disappear, what effect would this have on the carbon cycle?
The carbon cycle would be disrupted because fungi play a critical role in decomposing organic matter, recycling carbon back into the soil.
These structures are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptides.
What are ribosomes?
What is the "lock and key" theory of enzyme action?
Has an active site shaped especially for the molecule it must work on. The action cannot happen until the molecule attaches to that active site.
If a cell has an abundant supply of oxygen, how many ATP molecules can it generate from one molecule of glucose?
In the presence of oxygen, a cell can generate up to 38 ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose (through the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain).
An organism is a single-celled producer that contains chlorophyll and lacks a nucleus. To what kingdom does it belong?
Kingdom Monera (specifically, Cyanobacteria)
What organelle is responsible for regulating the amount of water in a freshwater protozoan like Amoeba, and how does it function?
The contractile vacuole is responsible for regulating water in freshwater organisms like Amoeba. It collects excess water from the cytoplasm and expels it to maintain osmotic balance and prevent the cell from bursting.
These structures within the cytoplasm give the cell its shape, provide mechanical support, and facilitate intracellular transport.
What is the cytoskeleton?
What is the difference between an element and an atom?
An element contains all atoms that have the same number of protons (and therefore the same number of electrons), regardless of the number of neutrons. An atom is a single entity, determined by its number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
What would happen if a cell's mitochondria were damaged or nonfunctional?
If mitochondria are damaged or nonfunctional, the cell would be unable to produce sufficient ATP through aerobic respiration, which would impair cellular functions and potentially lead to cell death.