Chapter 6
What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
Fimbriae - short, hairlike structures that aid in attachment
Pili - Rigid, hairlike structures important for attachment and the exchange of genetic information
Define Brownian motion?
Also known as diffusion. The random movement of molecules from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration.
In photosynthesis, what is given off as a by product?
Oxygen
What is another name for "oxidation of glucose to CO2"?
Cellular respiration
Where in a eukaryotic cell does production of acetyl CoA, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmotic phosphorylation take place?
Acetyl CoA and Kreb's cycle = matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport and chemiosmotic phosphorylation = inner membrane of mitochondrion
What does the cell theory state?
All loving things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of all living things, cells only come from pre-existing cells
What is tonicity?
The concentration of solute in the solvent.
What do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis produce?
Oxygen, 2 NADPH, energy for light-independent reactions
What does glycolysis start and end with?
Begins with 6 carbon glucose; ends with 2 molecules of 3 carbon pyruvic acid, net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH
When in cellular respiration is glucose completely oxidized?
After Kreb's cycle, glucose is oxidized, meaning all carbon is used up.
What is the factor that limits cell size?
The ratio of the surface area to volume.
What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water will rush into the cell to try to reach equilibrium. The cell will swell and could burst.
What is produced during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
Unstable 6-carbon molecule, 2 G3P's, regeneration of RuBp
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
Why do aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration differ in how much ATP is made?
Because anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen as the final e- acceptor (most efficient)
Prokaryotic organisms are placed within the kingdoms ______________ and __________.
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what happens?
It shrivels up, this is called plasmolysis, it is called crenation in red blood cells.
What is the difference between stroma and stoma?
Stroma = in plants, the semifluid matrix inside a chloroplast.
Stoma = tiny openings scattered throughout the lower epidermis of a leaf that are regulated by guard cells.
What are the three routes that pyruvic acid can undergo in continuing cellular respiration?
Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, Fermentation
What are two examples of eukaryotic cell fermentation?
Animals - muscle cells during aerobic exercise produce lactic acid
Yeast - ferment to beer
Does Aspergillus have a membrane-bound nuclei? Why?
Yes, it is a fungus, therefore is an eukaryotic organism.
How does a paramecium ingest yeast?
Using a form of endocytosis called phagocytosis.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?
In the stroma of the choloroplasts.
Glycolysis, Pyruvate processing, Aerobic respiration (production of acetyl CoA, Kreb's cycle, electron transport and chemiosmotic phosphorylation)
Why is there a difference in the amount of ATP made in eukaryotic cells vs. prokaryotic cells?
Because in eukaryotic cells energy is spent (2 ATP's) to get pyruvic acid into mitochondria matrix.